Television Journalism
News
The
journalism's role at the time was to act as a mediator or translator
between the public
and policy making elites. The journalist became the middleman. When elites
spoke, journalists listened and recorded the information, edited it, and passed
it on to the public for their consumption. His reasoning behind this was that
the public was not in a position to deconstruct the growing and complex flurry
of information present in modern society, and so an intermediary was needed to
filter news for the masses. The public is not smart enough to understand
complicated, political issues. Furthermore, the public was too consumed with
their daily lives to care about complex public policy. Therefore the public
needed someone to interpret the decisions or concerns of the elite to make the
information plain and simple. The journalist's role was to inform the public of
what the elites were doing. It was also to act as a watchdog over the elites,
as the public had the final say with their votes.
Journalists
should do more than simply pass on information. He believed they should weigh
the consequences of the policies being enacted. Over time, his idea has been
implemented in various degrees, and is more commonly known as "community journalism".
This
concept of community journalism is at the centre of new developments in
journalism. In this new paradigm, journalists are able to engage citizens and
the experts/elites in the proposition and generation of content.
journalism's
first loyalty is to the citizenry, journalists are obliged to tell the truth
and must serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals and
institutions within society. The essence of journalism is to provide citizens
with reliable information through the discipline of verification, as well
providing a forum for public criticism.
Television
Local Television
The
industry divides television into local .
Such television markets are defined by viewing area
and are ranked by the number of audience viewers.
Ttypically
broadcast local
news 3 or 4 times a day . News anchors are shown sitting at a desk in a television
studio. The news anchor read teleprompters
that contain local interest stories and breaking
news. Reporters
frequently tell their stories outside the a formal television studio in the
field, where the news is occurring, in a remote
broadcast setting where Electronic news-gathering (ENG)
techniques are used with production trucks.
Daytime television or morning
shows include more "soft" news and feature pieces, while the
evening news emphasizes "hard" news.
News
anchors, serve as masters of ceremonies and are usually shown facing a professional video camera in a television
studio while reading unseen teleprompters.
The anchors are often in pairs (co-anchors) sit side by side, often alternating
their reading. Meteorologists stand in front of chroma key
backgrounds to describe weather forecasting and show
"graphics" (maps,
charts, and
pictures). Any of those people can become the most recognizable television personality of the television station. Reporters
research and write the stories and sometimes use video
editing to prepare the story for air into a "package". Reporters
are usually engaged in Electronic field production (EFP) and
are accompanied by a videographer at the scenes of the news. The latter holds
the camera. That person or assistants manage the audio and lighting. They are
in charge of setting up live television shots and might edit
using a non-linear editing system too. The segment producer might
choose, research, and write stories, as well as deciding the timing and
arrangement of the newscast. An associate producer, if any, might specialize in
elements of the show such as graphics.
Production
A
newscast director is in charge of television
show preparation, including assigning camera and talent positions on the
set, as well as selecting the camera shots and other elements for either
recorded or live television video
production. The Television Director operates the video
switcher which controls and mixes all the elements of the show. At smaller
stations, the Director and Technical Director are the same person.
A
graphics operator operates a character generator that produces the lower third
on-screen titles and full-page digital on-screen graphics. The audio technician
operates the audio mixing console. The technician is in charge of the microphones,
music, and audio tape. Often, production assistants operate the teleprompters
and professional video cameras, and serve as
lighting and rigging technicians ("grips").
Interactive
Convergence
is the sharing and cross-promoting of content from a variety of media, which in
theory might all converge and become one medium eventually. In broadcast news,
the Internet is key part of convergence. Frequently, broadcast journalists also
write text stories for the Web, usually accompanied by the graphics and sound
of the original story. Web sites offer the audience an interactive form where they
can learn more about a story, can be referred to related articles, can offer
comments for publication, and can print stories at home, etc. Technological convergence also lets newsrooms
collaborate with other media. Broadcast outlets sometimes have partnerships
with their print counterparts.
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