COMPONENTS OF FILM

Three basic components of film:

Image -- Camera Movement -- Sound

CAMERA MOVEMENT

PAN

A pan shot or panning shot is when you turn the camera on a fixed head. It is a technique where you follow a moving subject, and you can shoot this with a slower shutter speed to create a feeling of speed or action.

TILT

Tilt is Moving the cameras lens up or down while keeping its horizontal axis constant. A tilt shot is shot that uses a cinematographic technique called tilting in which the camera says fixed but rotates up and down on a vertical plane. Tilting is similar to the motion of an individual raising or lowering their heads.

BOOM SHOT

To move the camera vertically upward or downward, filmmakers turn to the boom shot. Boom shots are achieved by using boom crane camera movements, pedestal camera movement, and jibs.

DOLLY

The name comes from the old” dolly tracks” that used to be laid down for the heavy camera to move along - very much like railroad tracks. The phrase dolly-in means step towards the subject with the camera, while dolly-out means to step backwards with the camera, keeping the zoom the same.

ZOOM

A zoom shot is when the focal length of a camera lens is adjusted to give the illusion of moving closer or further away from the subject. Zoom shots are done with a zoom lens, which have variable focal lengths. The most typical camera zoom types are the "zoom in" and "zoom out," but it can also be combined with a dolly shot to create a "dolly zoom."

DOLLY ZOOM

The dolly zoom is one of the most discussed cinematic techniques. This shot is commonly referred to as a vertigo shot, or vertigo effect . A dolly zoom is an in-camera effect. A dolly zoom is achieved by dollying the camera away from or toward a subject while simultaneously zooming in the other direction.

ROLL CAMERA MOVEMENT

The camera roll is a rotational camera movement that rotates the camera over its side on its long axis. Rolls can be dizzying and unnatural. For this reason, filmmakers use it to disorient the audience or create uneasiness. Its specific effect makes it a very intentional camera movement that should only be used when wanting to elicit a discomfort in the audience. Sometimes these effects tie in to a film’s theme.

TRACKING SHOT

A tracking shot is any shot that physically moves the camera through the scene for an extended amount of time. Tracking camera movement often follows a traveling subject, though they can be used to simply show off the scene.

Trucking is a type of tracking shot in which the entire camera moves left or right along a track.

ARC SHOT

The arc shot orbits the camera around a subject in an arc pattern.

RANDOM MOVEMENT

Sometimes, camera movements are not motivated by character actions, but rather audience experience. Filmmakers often add random movement to a shot via camera shake through a hand held shot to heighten the intensity of a scene.

PEDESTAL SHOT

A pedestal shot is a vertical camera movement in which the entire camera raises or lowers in relation to the subject. A pedestal shot differs from a camera tilt because the entire camera moves up or down rather than just pivoting from a fixed point.

PAN

PAN SHOTS ARE OFTEN USED TO:

1. give the viewer a panoramic view of a set or setting.

2. This can be used to establish a scene.

3. Panning has a ability to be used for a wide range of situations and scenarios, it’s an important move

4. It can give a better idea of the scene’s setting

5. Enable to set a specific tone or explore unusual surroundings.

6. Panning can be used to switch from one subject’s view to another’s.

7. Transition between scenes: This is often used to indicate a jump through time and/or space

8. Pan shots are sometimes used to change around a scene’s orientation.

9. Panning is a great way to communicate movement or to give a static scene some energy

10. By using pan shots during a back-and-forth interaction to create tension or, more commonly, humor.

TYPES OF PAN SHOTS IN FILM

Depending on the scene and needs, we can choose between a few different types of pan shots:

· Aerial pan shots: Filmmakers often attach cameras to drones and fly them over cityscapes, landscapes, or other large areas. While attached to the drone, the operator can pan the camera left or right to capture the shot.

· Whip pans: Often referred to as a whip shot or a swish pan, a whip pan is a pan so quickly that it results in blurred imagery. As a result, it can leave the audience feeling temporarily disoriented. To create a whip shot, you can use a handheld, gimbal, dolly, or a tripod.

CREATING A PAN SHOT IN FILM

The steps to start panning:

1. It is possible to pan with a handheld camera, but using a tripod offers more stability for the shot.

2. The frames in pan shots choose wisely.

3. Swivel the camera. Make sure that the tripod works without sticking or jerking and that you maintain a consistent movement and speed throughout the pan.

5. Before begin filming, rehearse the movements a few times to make sure there is nothing blocking or shaking the shot.

6. Get several takes. Make sure to get a few safeties takes before wrapping up when before unexpected interruptions happen.

TILT

1. Tilting is a little less common than panning but they are used fairly regularly for creative and practical purposes.

2. In an establishing shot — brings us to into a location

3. Downward tilts observe action over a large are

4. Upward tilts can create psychological impression of inferiority or weakness in a character

BOOM SHOT

To move the camera vertically upward or downward, filmmakers turn to the boom shot.

1. Boom shots are achieved by using boom crane camera movements, pedestal camera movement, and jibs.

2. These shots are known as establishing shots. They can be small boom movements typically used for reveals and characters.

3. Filmmakers use large boom movements to show off the setting of a scene. These shots are known as establishing shots.

DOLLY

The phrase dolly-in means step towards the subject with the camera, while dolly-out means to step backwards with the camera, keeping the zoom the same.

ZOOM

WHY USE A ZOOM SHOT?

1. To draw attention to a specific detail in the shot

2. to give a character power

3. To emphasize a comedic or dramatic moment

DOLLY ZOOM

A dolly zoom is an in-camera effect. A dolly zoom is achieved by dollying the camera away from or toward a subject while simultaneously zooming in the other direction.

1. this shot creates a sense of unease in the viewer, simulates a spatial(3 dimentional) warp, and

2. can either shrink or extend distances based on the choice of direction.

3. The dolly zoom can draw the audience into the story.

4. It is commonly used to capture the internal conflict of a character,

5. Used to capture the internal conflict of a character and the character’s state of mind.

6. the dolly zoom can also establish a relationship between two characters.

PEDESTAL:

A camera operator can do two types of pedestals: pedestal up means "move the camera up; "pedestal down means "move the camera down."

ROLL CAMERA MOVEMENT

1. filmmakers use it to disorient the audience or create uneasiness.

2. Its specific effect makes it a very intentional camera movement

3. be used when wanting to elicit a discomfort in the audience.

4. Sometimes these effects tie in to a film’s theme.

TRACKING SHOT- Truck camera movement

1. For complex shot movements that move the camera in all directions

ARC SHOT

The arc shot orbits the camera around a subject in an arc pattern. Arc shots are typically used to add energy to a shot in which characters have minimal actions.

RANDOM MOVEMENT Random Movement

1. camera movements are not motivated by audience experience.

2. movement to a shot via camera shake through a handheld shot to heighten the intensity of a scene.

What is the Internet?

The Internet was first invented for only military and government uses. But now, it is found in every house across the world. The Internet is a short form for an interconnected network. It has become a vital part of our lives, helping us connect with people worldwide. The Internet is made of a large number of independently operated networks.

A server is a particular computer that is connected directly to the Internet.. Every server has a unique protocol address or an IP address. IP addresses are essential for computers to find each other.

A short note of the history of the Internet will help you understand when, where, and how the Internet was developed.

History of the Internet

The Internet was developed by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s.

It was the result of another research experiment which was called ARPANET, which stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.

This was initially supposed to be a communications system for the Defense Team of the United States of America - a network that would also survive a nuclear attack.

It eventually became a successful nationwide experimental packet network which is called WWW.It is believed that on 6 August 1991, when the World Wide Web opened to the public.

How Does the Internet Work?

Computers that we use every day are called clients because they are indirectly connected to the Internet through an internet service provider.

When you open a webpage on your computer, you connect to the webpage, and then you can access it.

Computers break the information into smaller pieces called packets, which are reassembled in their original order. If we put the right address on a packet and send it to any computer which is connected as part of the internet so that it would get to its destination. Without confusion even with unique addresses transfer of messages by setup a router , it is called as Packet Routing Network, and hence is required to set up.

The below are the steps for how the message are transferred. This might give a basic idea of how the internet works.

1. First, Computer1 sends a message by IP address to Computer2

2. The message sent by Computer1 is broken into small pieces- packets.

3. These small pieces- packets are transferred concerning Transfer Protocol so that the quality is maintained.

4. Finally, these small pieces- packets reach Computer2 and are reassembled at their IP address.

Father of the Internet:

Tim Berners-Lee was the man, who led the development of the World Wide Web, the defining of HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), HTML (hypertext markup language) used to create web pages, and URLs (Universal Resource Locators). The development of WWW, HTTP, HTML and URLs took place between 1989 and 1991.

Tim Berners-Lee was born in London and he graduated in Physics from Oxford University in 1976. Currently, Tim Berners-Lee is the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, the group that sets technical standards for the web.

Vinton Cerf is also named as an internet daddy other than Tim Berners-Lee. After being out for 10 years from high school, he began co-designing and co-developing the protocols and structure of what became the internet.

History of HTML

In 1945, Vannevar Bush first introduced the basics of hypertext. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, HTML (hypertext markup language), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource Locators.

Evolution of the Internet

Although the Internet was developed much earlier, it only became popular in households in the 1990s.

Today, 440 million computers can be connected directly, making life easier for people across the globe. Sharing information and knowledge has become extremely easy for those that have access to the Internet. The country with the highest number of internet users is China, with 1.4 billion users, followed by India with 1.3 billion and the United States of America with a little over 0.3 billion users.

The Two Main Types of Computer Networks

There are different computer network types, depending on how large they are and how much geographical area they cover. The most common types are Local Area Network (LAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WAN).

Local Area Network:

This is a group of devices such as computers, servers, switches, and printers that are located in the same building. These are near each other. The most common use of LAN is in houses or offices.

A common type of LAN is an Ethernet LAN, where two or more computers are connected to the Internet through switches.

Wireless Local Area Network:

This is a local area network that uses wireless communication instead of wired communication. In WAN, two computers use wireless communication to form a local area network. A wifi router is very common in this case. There are no cables involved in this case.

Advantages of Internet

The internet has become a popular name since the introduction of its easy installation and setup. The following are the advantages of the internet.

· It is a great medium of sharing

It has increased connectivity.

· With the internet, banking has now become easier.

· E-commerce websites are one of the great advantages of the internet. One can buy groceries, clothes, household items, and much more with the internet.

· The Internet is also a great source of entertainment. One can watch videos and movies, listen to music, and play games, without any hassle.

· Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have brought the world closer.

· The education system has also transformed. With the internet, any student across the world can attend online classes.

Journalism and Communication.

Camera shots!