Journalism and Communication.

Structuralism Structuralism is a  phenomena using the metaphor of language. Words explain words ,  and meaning is present as a set of structures. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s,  existentialism , such as that propounded by  Jean-Paul Sartre , was the dominant European intellectual movement. Structuralism rose to prominence in France in the wake of existentialism, particularly in the 1960s. The initial popularity of structuralism in France led to its spread across the globe. The origins of structuralism connect with the work of  Ferdinand de Saussure  on  linguistics .  In brief, Saussure's structural linguistics propounded three related concepts. 1.      Saussure argued for a distinction between  langue  (an idealized abstraction of language) and  parole  (language as actually used in daily life). He argued that the "sign" was composed of both a "signified" ( signifié ), an abstract concept or idea, and a "signifier" ( signifian

Pattern--- Pattern  is a combination of elements or shapes repeated in a recurring and regular arrangement. In pattern, elements are repeated in the same way throughout the whole composition, as in the example above. In the example of rhythm below, the same elements are used, but with variations. See if you can sense and understand the difference. Pattern as decoration We are all familiar with the use of pattern as decoration, from clothing, to everyday objects, to home decorating . Below is an example of an elaborate use of pattern in home decoration. Repetition -- Repetition  refers to one object or shape repeated;  Repetition is an object, form, or figure that is repeated. Symbolic uses of pattern--- Pattern is often used symbolically to represent many things: people, beliefs, the natural world, history, tradition.   Colors and shapes have specific meanings, and are passed down from generation to generation.  The predictability of pattern is importa

T abloid Journalism The tabloids play a larger role in popular culture and in the publishing industry .These are magazines focused on salacious celebrity gossip and sensational news.. Tabloid journalism has a long and enduring history as not only a form of entertainment but also a metric by which to evaluate our devotion to the freedom of speech. Tabloids are over-exaggerated, sensationalized, and often false, but we love them anyway.   Origins Print media has played a very important role in Western history, particularly in places like England and the United States. The  private print industry   has  the desire to sell more papers has encouraged a degree of sensationalism. The beginnings of early tabloid journalism can be traced back to Alfred Harmsworth. A successful newspaper publisher in the United Kingdom, during the late 1800's and early 1900's, Harmsworth purchased a few newspapers, which were not financially successful and on the verge of failing. Transformi

News values News values can be seen less as a reflection of what type of information citizens want or need, and more as a reflection of organisational, sociological and cultural norms combined with economic factors  The power elite : Stories concerning powerful individuals, organisations or institutions. Celebrity : Stories concerning people who are already famous. Entertainment : Stories concerning sex, showbusiness, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photographs or witty headlines. Contrast: Stories that have an element of surprise and/or contrast. Conflict: Stories with particularly negative overtones, such as conflict or tragedy. Good news: our findings show that bad news is the big winner; but good news is still significant, and some stories fall into both categories Magnitude : Stories that are perceived as sufficiently significant either in the numbers of people involved or in potentia