A camera lens

 A camera without a lens is useless to a photographer. The lens is what focuses light from what you see through the viewfinder . 

• Focal length is the measurement of distance (in millimeters) between the point of convergence of your lens and the sensor recording the image. The focal length range of a lens is expressed by a number, and that number tells you how much of the scene your camera will be able to capture. Smaller numbers have a wider angle of view and show more of the scene; larger numbers have a narrower angle of view and show less.

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• Maximum Aperture.  A lens with a wide maximum aperture is great for low light situations.

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• Depth of Field. The depth of field varies with the type of lens, due to maximum aperture.

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Basic Types of Camera Lenses

There are two basic categories of camera lenses:

1. 1. Prime lenses. A prime lens is a classic style that has been around as long as cameras have. Prime lenses have a fixed focal range, which means that you can't zoom in or out. 
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3. The main advantage of prime lenses is that they specialise in just one focal length.  Prime lenses produce much higher quality images than a zoom lens in general, but we will need to know in which situation we can use them. For example, the 50mm prime lens, otherwise known as the Nifty Fifty, is perfect for portraits, as the focal length is seen to be as close to the human eye as possible. A 35 mm prime lens, on the other hand, is usually best employed by landscape photographers.
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5. 2. Zoom lenses. Zoom lenses are one of the most common types of lens . Zooms use a series of lenses to allow different focal lengths from a single lens, making them more flexible but not as fast. They contain more glass, which aids in their flexibility, but they also tend to be bigger and heavier than prime lenses.

6. Zoom lenses are incredibly versatile,Zoom lenses have variable focal lengths, We can zoom from 70mm  to 200mm.

   While travelling we  can find zoom lenses with much more range, such as an 18 - 270 mm, allowing us to photograph both close up and in the distance. Zoom lenses have variable focal lengths.  These big lenses are found within a range of 100mm up to 600mm, sometimes even more lens that will being used by wedding photographers. 

7. For budding photographers or anyone needing to photograph in a diverse range of scenarios or conditions, there’s nothing that can really beat a good zoom range for quality and adaptability

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1. Macro Lenses
This type of camera lens is used to create very close-up, macro photographs. They have a unique design that allows them to produce sharp images at extremely close range. These lenses are great for nature photography, enabling you to capture an enormous amount of detail in one image.

2. Telephoto Lenses
Telephoto lenses are a type of zoom lens with multiple focal points. A telephoto lenses are found within a range of 100mm up to 600mm, sometimes even more.

Telephoto Lens

If a standard zoom lens isn’t quite strong enough for your needs, then the next step up is a telephoto lens. These big lenses are found within a range of 100mm up to 600mm, sometimes even more.

Telephoto lenses are bulky and may require a tripod to support them, making them nowhere near as practical as a standard zoom lens. If you are a professional wildlife photographer, sports photographer, or if you photograph the night sky and the stars, then a telephoto lens can be invaluable. 

3. Wide Angle Lenses

Wide angle lenses are ideal for fitting a large area into your frame. This is especially useful for landscape photography or street photography. With wide angle lenses, almost everything is in focus, unless our subject is very close to the lens. Wide angles have a wider focal field, allowing you to essentially capture more of the scene in front of us  than say a zoom lens. Wide-angle lenses generally have a focal length between 16 and 35mm.

4. Fisheye lens. A fisheye lens is an ultra-wide-angle lens that can take in a full 180 degree radius around it. A fisheye lens is basically an ultra-wide-angle lens, offering an enormous field of view. 

A fisheye lens is basically an ultra-wide-angle lens, offering an enormous field of view. These are more specialist lenses and aren’t generally needed by most photographers. They are useful if you are photographing indoors or using your camera for design work. An ultra-wide-angle lens can have a focal length as low as 8mm.

They are useful if you are photographing indoors or using your camera for design work. An ultra-wide-angle lens can have a focal length as low as 8mm.

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Scripting

 Script 

It always develops from the idea, a TV news copy that has voice over’s, sound bites, stand-ups, the visuals list. 

Treatment 

A film treatment or treatment is a piece of prose, and the first draft of a screenplay for a motion picture, television program, or radio play. It is generally longer and more detailed than an outline or one-page synopsis, and it may include details of directorial style that an outline omits. Treatments read like a short story, except they are told in the present tense and describe events as they happen. 

Storyboard

 Pictorial representation of shots in a sequential order. It is very handy during shooting shorter videos like commercial or public service messages. In other words it is a graphic organizer in the form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence. 

Writing a TV show treatment

Writing a TV show treatment can be both an exciting and daunting task. It's the first step in moving your story idea from a mere concept to a full-fledged television series

Writing a TV show treatment can be both an exciting and daunting task. It's the first step in moving your story idea from a mere concept to a full-fledged television series.

1. What is a TV Show Treatment?

A TV show treatment is a document that provides a detailed overview of your proposed television show. It is often written to pitch your idea to a production company or television network and acts as a roadmap for future development.

A treatment is a document that presents the story idea of your film before writing the entire script. Treatments are often written in present tense, in a narrative-like prose, and highlight the most important information about your film, including title, logline, story summary, and character descriptions.

Treatments are a way for a writer to test out an idea before investing their creative energy fully into a new screenplay. Treatments also allow for writers to summarize their story idea so they can present the story to studio executives or producers who might want to finance the film.

A film treatment for a TV show typically includes information about the show's main story line, main characters, story arc(s), and episode outlines.  It is not the same as a script treatment, a summary of an entire script or screenplay.

2. The Importance of a Great Treatment

An excellent treatment can be the difference between your television show being greenlit or gathering dust on a producer's shelf. It allows you to showcase your writing skills, demonstrate your ability to develop a compelling narrative, and prove that you deeply understand the world you're creating. A well-written treatment can help you collaborate with other writers and guide the development process as your show evolves.

3. 

The 4 Elements of a Film Treatment

Treatments contain detailed descriptions of the setting, theme, character roles, and plot in order to show how the story will play out for the audience. There are four main things a treatment should contain:

1. 1. Title. Give your treatment a title, even if it’s just a working title.
2. 2. Logline. This is a short sentence summarizing the premise. Learn how to write a logline here.
3. 3. Plot summary. How long you want your story summary to be depends on you as a writer—some writers give short one-page summaries, while others use 70 pages to tell their film’s story.
4. 4. Key characters. Provide a breakdown of key characters, including their arch or how their character develops in the story.

4. Writing Process: Step-by-Step Guide

Develop Your Idea

Before you begin writing, spend some time refining your story idea. Consider the following questions:

• What is the premise of your show?

• What makes it unique and compelling?

• Who are the main characters, and what are their motivations?

• What are the main conflicts and story arcs?

Write an Elevator Pitch

An elevator pitch is a brief, persuasive speech that you can use to spark interest in your show. It should be concise and engaging, highlighting the most intriguing aspects of your concept. Practice your elevator pitch to ensure it's polished and effective.

Create Character Biographies

Develop detailed character biographies for your main characters. Please include information about their backgrounds, personalities, motivations, and relationships with other characters. This will help you create compelling, three-dimensional characters with which audiences can connect.

Map Out the Main Story Arcs

Outline the main story arcs for your show, identifying the central conflicts and resolutions. Focus on the most significant story moments and avoid getting bogged down in fine details.

Write Episode Outlines

Craft episode outlines for the first season or a selection of episodes. These should highlight the main events and storylines, showing the audience how each episode contributes to the narrative.

Edit and Revise

Once you've completed your first draft, please review it carefully and make any necessary revisions. Ensure your treatment is well-organized, engaging, and free of grammatical errors.

Seek Feedback

Share your treatment with trusted friends, colleagues, or industry professionals to gather valuable feedback. Be open to criticism and use it to improve your treatment.

https://sist.sathyabama.ac.in/sist_coursematerial/uploads/SVCA1402.pdf

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Domestication Theory

 

The domestication theory is primarily associated with the fields of technology studies and media studies, though it also extends to anthropology, sociology, and communication studies. This theory explains how technologies are integrated into everyday life and how individuals or societies adapt and make them "domestic" or familiar.

Key Concepts in Domestication Theory:

1. Technologies Become Part of Everyday Life:

   • Domestication theory describes the process through which a new technology (such as the internet, mobile phones, or appliances) transitions from something novel or foreign to something familiar, everyday, and integrated into daily routines.

2. Stages of Domestication: The process of domestication is often divided into several stages:

   • Appropriation: This is the stage where people first acquire or take possession of the technology. It could involve purchasing it or being introduced to it.
   • Objectification: In this stage, the technology is given a place in the household or environment. It is integrated into the space and lifestyle of the user.
   • Incorporation: Here, the technology starts to become part of the daily routines and activities of the household or individual. It becomes embedded in how they work, communicate, or live.
   • Conversion: This final stage refers to the technology being fully integrated and accepted in the broader social context. It may also involve adapting and customizing the technology for personal or local needs.

3. Cultural Adaptation:

   • Technologies are adapted according to cultural, social, and individual needs. People use technologies in ways that suit their social structures, beliefs, and everyday practices. The ways technologies are "domesticated" may vary widely across different societies or demographic groups.

4. Control and Agency:

   • Domestication also emphasizes that people actively control how technologies are integrated into their lives. It’s not just a matter of adopting technology passively; users modify or reshape technologies to fit their needs, values, and lifestyles. This process may involve resistance or negotiation of its role in life.

5. Moral Economy:

   • The theory also talks about the "moral economy" of households, where the technology’s value and use are not just about functionality but also about norms, values, and social relationships. For instance, a technology may be valued not just for its practical use but for how it reflects a person's or family’s identity, status, or values.

Examples of Domestication Theory in Practice:

• Smartphones: When smartphones first emerged, they were seen as luxury devices for tech enthusiasts. Over time, they became essential parts of daily life. Today, people customize their smartphones with apps and settings that reflect their needs and preferences, and these devices are central to how they communicate, work, and engage with the world.

• Social Media: When social media platforms like Facebook or Instagram started, they were novel forms of communication. Over time, people integrated them into their daily routines, using them to maintain social ties, share information, and even build personal or professional identities.

In Relation to Women and Entrepreneurship:

Domestication theory could apply to the adoption of entrepreneurial technologies by women. For instance, how women entrepreneurs integrate new technologies (like e-commerce platforms or digital marketing tools) into their business operations might reflect their specific needs, challenges, and contexts. The process of domestication might involve adapting those tools to fit cultural norms, societal expectations, or the unique demands of balancing work and family life.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313988538_What_Use_is_Domestication_Theory_to_Information_Systems_Research

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Concept of Women Entrepreneurship and Intra Entrepreneurship

 

“When women move forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves”  -Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

 Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business concern.

Define Entrepreneurship

 Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of creating and managing a new business venture with the aim of making a profit. 

Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who set up and operate her own enterprise. In other words, women entrepreneurs are self-employed individuals who establish their enterprise and involve themselves for economic activities. 

The Govt. of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise

The Government of India has defined a woman entrepreneurship as “an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”.

The definition is subject to criticism mainly on the condition of employing 50% women workers in the enterprises owned and run by the women

Women entrepreneurs are those women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it, organize and combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise and undertake risks and handle economic uncertainty involving running a business enterprise.

 

Some common features of Women Entrepreneurs in India 

• Women with small families are more likely to become entrepreneurs 

• A majority of the women entrepreneurs are married 

• Unmarried women face difficulties in getting financial support to launch their enterprises 

• Many women entrepreneurs belong to the low-income group 

• Many women become entrepreneurs out of economic necessity 

• Gender discrimination is encountered at every stage of business development

 • Women entrepreneurs are security-oriented than growth-oriented 

• They prefer diversification to specialization 

• They prefer stabilization of income and minimization of risk over maximization of income 

• The trend is changing, 

 

What Is Intrapreneurship?

Intrapreneurship refers to a system within a company or organization that allows employees to act like entrepreneurs. Intrapreneurs are self-motivated, proactive, and action-oriented individuals who take the initiative to develop innovative products or services.

 Intrapreneurship allows employees to act like entrepreneurs within an organization.

• Intrapreneurs are typically self-motivated, proactive, and action-oriented individuals with leadership skills who think outside the box.
• Intrapreneurship is a stepping stone to entrepreneurship, enabling intrapreneurs to use their team experiences to develop their own businesses.
• Understanding Entrepreneurships

Intrapreneurship creates an entrepreneurial environment by allowing employees to apply their entrepreneurial skills to benefit the company and themselves. It provides employees with the freedom to experiment and the potential for growth within the organization.

Intrapreneurship aims to foster autonomy and independence as employees seek the best solutions. For example, an intrapreneur might be tasked with researching and recommending a more efficient workflow for a company's brand within a target group or implementing initiatives to improve company culture.

What is an intrapreneur?

An intrapreneur is someone who behaves like an entrepreneur while working with a large organization. Steve Jobs described it in terms of the startups he worked with as a young man: “a group of people going back to the garage, but in a large company.”

The term intrapreneur was conceived in the 1980s and is becoming increasingly popular as large companies seek to defend against innovative startups, grow their business in the face of digital disruption, and find new and creative ways to solve customer problems and serve unmet market needs.

Types of Intrapreneurs

The 3 Types of Intrapreneur

Intrapreneurship is not a solo sport! Successful intrapreneurs work in teams to deliver breakthrough impact. And our research has uncovered three distinct types of intrapreneur that together make up a great team.

The Advocate

The Advocate typically comes from a customer-facing role. They play a leading role in shaping the problem to be solved, defining the attributes of the customer and what the solution itself should look like. They are often easiest to spot in a company as they constantly come up with a stream of new ideas. They often have roles like designer, business analyst, user experience architect or perhaps come from a sales or marketing background.

The Creator

The Creator is an internal facing role. The Creator is the person that will give life to your idea and create the prototype solution. In the tech-centric world we live in, this person is often a programmer or engineer, but depending on your industry, they could have a very different job title. For example, if you work in the food industry then the Creator might be a chef, nutritionist or confectioner.

The Change Maker

The Change Maker is external business-facing person. This is the person that makes things happen… funding, partnerships, finance, sales. This person is usually an extrovert, self-confident and a great networker. The team will rely on The Change Maker to open doors for them, win-over the gatekeepers in the company and get the necessary buy-in from stakeholders. The Change Maker can come from anywhere in the company and be of any grade.

Characteristics of Intrapreneurs

Intrapreneurs tackle specific challenges, such as increasing productivity and cutting costs, requiring a high level of skill, including leadership and innovative thinking. They take risks and drive innovation within the business to improve its goods and services, better serving the market.

A successful intrapreneur is comfortable with uncertainty, persistently testing their ideas until they achieve the desired results. They can interpret market trends and envision how the company needs to evolve to stay competitive. Intrapreneurs are integral to the company's backbone, serving as the driving force that maps out the organization’s future.

What is the Difference Between Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship?

The main difference between an entrepreneur and an intrapreneur is that an entrepreneur starts their own company, while an intrapreneur innovates within an existing company. Entrepreneurs develop new business concepts, create business plans, secure financing, and build teams. In contrast, intrapreneurs use their entrepreneurial mindset to drive innovation and lead new initiatives within their organization without bearing the financial risks

Intrapreneur

An intrapreneur is an employee who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a new product or service. An intrapreneur brings entrepreneurial thinking and skills to build within the structure of an existing organization. 

Ken Kutaragi - PlayStation

Here's a perfect example of how intrapreneurship can lead to huge benefits on both an individual and company-wide level.

Ken Kutaragi began his career at Sony as an electrical engineer in the sound department at the age of 25.

With the money he'd earned from his new role, Ken bought his daughter a Nintendo games console, but as he watched her play, he was disappointed by the sound quality.

As Sony was not at that time involved in the gaming industry, Ken began working on a side project in which he was a consultant for Nintendo, developing a new chip to improve the sound for Nintendo’s next generation of games consoles.

When Sony senior executives discovered Ken’s project, they threatened to fire him from his position.

Luckily, Sony’s Chief Executive Norio Oghar recognized Ken’s creativity and intrapreneurial mindset, so he supported Ken and encouraged him to pursue his efforts. Ken worked alongside Nintendo, developing a new CD-ROM-based system for Nintendo.

However, In a strange twist, Nintendo decided against using Ken’s CD-ROM and chose to move forward in a new direction.

Whilst Kutaragi was disappointed, his spirit wasn’t dampened as he turned his focus towards Sony, recognizing the business opportunity that lay before the company to break out into the gaming industry.

With true intrapreneurial spirit and determination, Ken pushed internally for Sony to develop a new games console. He faced major pushback from Sony’s senior management, with most of them believing that Sony just “didn’t do gaming”.

Once again, Norio Ogha took a huge gamble and decided to back Kutaragi. Ken was elected to lead Sony’s gaming system project which eventually released the iconic PlayStation in 1995. 

Upon its release, the PlayStation took a clear market share of the gaming industry and, by the late 1990s, one in four US households owned a Sony PlayStation product.

By 1998, the Sony PlayStation was providing 40% of Sony Corporation’s profit.

Ken Kutaragi displayed the core principles of intrapreneurship by using his creative thinking to innovate outside the box, to take a chance despite all the ‘Nay-sayers’ who tried to push him back.

Kutaragi’s intrapreneurial spirit propelled him through the ranks of Sony, where he eventually became the Chairman and CEO.

Some Interesting Statistics on Female Entrepreneurs in India

1. About 58% of the female entrepreneurs were in the age range of 20-30 when they started out.
2. Nearly 73% of them report revenue of approximately Rs 10 lakhs in a financial year.
3. Almost 40% of these women started out solo, i.e., without any other member.
4. About 35% of the women had a co-founder.
5. Roughly 40% of the Indian female entrepreneurs employ five people or less.
6. Despite the challenges of business ownership, 74% of the women entrepreneurs were somewhat or very happy owning a business, 17% were somewhat or very unhappy, and 9% were neutral.

In a country like India, where most women aren't encouraged to think big (especially in the rural parts of the nation), there are some who have soared higher than one would expect in a constrictive setup.

These wonder women are inspiring other ladies to venture on the path of entrepreneurship through their success stories comprising personal struggles and challenges. As a result, India is steadily rising up the ranks when it comes to a favourable startup environment coupled with some solid backing from the Indian government.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/intrapreneurship.asp#:~:text=Investopedia%20%2F%20Paige%20McLaughlin-,What%20Is%20Intrapreneurship%3F,develop%20innovative%20products%20or%20services.

https://intrapreneurnation.com/skills/3-types-of-intrapreneur/

https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/mgmtp09/chapter/women-entrepreneurship/

https://ideas.sideways6.com/article/examples-of-successful-intrapreneurs

 

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