History Television

 Television is a significant in development of human civilization. It is deeply ingrained with Arts, Science and Commerce. Television is a system for converting visual images (with sound) into electrical signals, transmitting them and displaying them electronically on a screen. Television has become an intrinsic part of our life and established an important place in our lives. Television is one of the most popular medium of education and mass entertainment. It is a combination of both visual and audio medium.x. Generally TV is an instrument for converting visual images (with sound) into electrical signals, transmitting them and displaying them electronically on a screen.

History Of Television 

TV is quite recent in India.  TV telecast can given, the first transmission of TV experimentally started in 1920 in USA.  In 1930 a TV station started in New York, in England BBC had its own TV Station. But due to the second world war TV transmission was hampered in entire globe. After  the world war II , TV station started working and in western countries wide spread transmission occurred. By 1948, there were 48 TV stations in 25 cities in USA and they had 2 lakh TV sets in a period of 10 years. Around 512 TV stations came into existence Canada, Japan, European countries which saw many technical advances.

India received its first bunch of TV sets towards the end of 1959 from the help of UNESCO; it was an initiative from Government of India.  UNESCO donated 20,000 dollars for having TV sets in community centers in  India.USA also donated many types of equipment, Philips India Company donated a low cost transmitter and later on Delhi had its experimental TV station to transmit programmes within 40 km radius. To help viewers watch these programmes 180 telecubs were organized. Every teleclub has a TV set donated by UNESCO, these centers developed as centre from community education and other activities. There used to be two days TV programme in a week and every programme was of 20 minutes duration. These programmes were prepared at Delhi in an advanced TV station.

In 1961 UNESCO conducted a study on effect of TV programme in Indian population. The report was encouraging and in the same year school TV programme started. School teachers in Delhi were trained with the help of TV programmes. This helped those schools who had no organized science labs. In India the TV viewership slowly increased. An entertainment programme was started on 15 August, 1965, it was transmitted which was initially for one hour daily and included some news items.

Government of Germany established a studio to prepare programmes on 26th January 1967 the first agriculture based TV programme Krishi Darshan was transmitted. Delhi, UP and Haryana could view it in 180 rural centres. This programme was liked by farmers all around. Subsequently the Delhi TV transmission programme was increased from 1 hr to 1:30 hrs. On 15thAugust 1965, the transmission time was increased to two hours on Sundays. It was on 3rd December 1971 English news was broadcasted. In Oct 1972 Bombay TV station was established, by 1973 Srinagar and Amritsar TV station came into existence and transmitted by their own programmes. The same year Pune started telecasting Bombay station programme by relay. In 1970 there was a TV station in every corner of the country. In 1970, 23,000 TV sets were imported. In 1975 this number increased to more than one lakh. Calcutta, Madras, and Lucknow established TV stations in 1975. Modernised TV sets where available in India and by 1976 the TV world in India got a new name Doordarshan, 54 high transmitters, 371 low powered transmitters, 69 very low powered transmitters and 14 ordinary transmitters could cover almost 63 per cent of population.

SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONALTELEVISION EXPERIMENT (SITE)

In 1976, UNESCO conducted an experiment on satellite communication in India. The success of Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE proved that television transmission would be possible and useful in India. 

For the first time educational programmes were beamed through satellite in India. The programmes were shown in 2400 villages in 20 districts of six Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh. According to 1971 census of India, the states having the most number of backward districts in the country were selected. Later on with help of transmitters 2500 villages and small towns of 6 states were able to view programme. Hyderabad, Kurnool, Medak, Mehbubnagar, Andra Pradesh, Gulbarga, Raichur, Bijapur of Karnataka, Muzzafarpur, Chaparan, Saharsa, Darbhanga of Bihar, Raipur, Bilaspur and Durg of MP. Sambalpur, Dhenkanal, Boudh, Kandhmal of Odissa, Jaipur Kota, and Sawai Madhopur of Rajasthan, were the districts who got the benefit of this progamme.

The transmitted programmes were of mostly of two categories:

 Educational Television (ETV) and Instructional Television (ITV). 

The main purpose of these programmes was to educate the rural mass. Educational programmes prepared by students of schools and colleges of were attractive and creative. Daily programmes included education, agriculture, family planning, health for duration of around four hours. Through the satellite the programmes transmitted were for one video channels and two audio channels and hence these programme were transmitted in two different languages. In the school time these programmes were broadcasted for one half hour. On holidays it was used for training teachers, more then one lakh primary school teachers were being trained through these programmes. 

Instructional programmes were basically meant for illiterate elderly people. They were broadcasted for 2.5 hours during evenings. The programmes were related to health, education, hygiene, improved agricultural practices and important national events. These programmes were transmitted in four languages like Hindi, Odia, Telugu and Kannada. In addition to this a Hindi news bulletin of 30 minutes duration was being transmitted in 4 states. 

CABLE AND SATELLITE TVTRANSMISSION

In 1975 Satcom-1, one of the first generation geostationary comsats built by RCAAmericon was crucial in expansion of TV through cable in towns and villages. In 1990 cable TV brought an undeniable change in Indian Television scenario. Earlier cable TV was telecasting only in Mumbai but later it became popular even in small towns.  The antenna is faced towards the direction in which the signals are being received. Cable TV operators set up a control room in one place and through wires or cable connection to viewers TV provided television signals. The cable operators transmit programmes, movies, serials, music according to the demand of the viewers. The viewers paid one time connection charges and a monthly rent to the cable operators. 

Satellite Transmission Services 

We all know our solar system has eight planets, many have their satellites. But man by his own scientific knowledge has managed to create artificial satellites for purpose of communication. These satellite are rotating in the solar system in their own orbit and are helping send signals and information to the earth. Therefore, in general terms satellite are electronic devices situate far from earth are working as source of communication for earth. Most important is that satellite thousands of km far away from they send information.  Each satellite through its own transponders receives and expands it and sends back the signals to the earth. The satellite overcomes the geographical barriers and can send signals to every nook and corner of earth. At low cost to far away places on Earth or isolated places

DTH 

DTH means Direct-to-Home it is the receiving of satellite signals directly to the TV set from direct broadcast satellite. This new generation satellite TV signal reaches every home through a small circular antenna. In 1994, Hughes Communication of USA started the DTH services called the DirecTV. DTH broadcasting uses the upper portion of KU band transponders in a satellite to send hundreds of channels for down linking on earth.

Indian government permitted the reception and distribution of satellite television signals in November 2000. Dish Tv launched first DTH service in India on October 2, 2003. Indian national broadcast organisation Prasar Bharati started DTH service in India in 2004. Later on private play as like Reliance Big TV, Zee Dish TV, Airtel, DTH, Videocon, D2H, Tatasky, Sun Network, etc. expanded their services. Doordarshan transmitted through ‘GSAT-15’ satellite from 93.5 East. DD is giving free service of 80 channels to the viewers. Aspect TRAI data, by 2013, there are 6 private companies and one government organisation serving to 110 crore TV by DTH, six private parties are giving service to 56 crore Indian consumers.

IPTV

IPTV refers to Internet-based Protocol Television where internet is used to deliver TV programs & Videos that are either live or on demand. IPTV is a system where digital television service is delivered to the subscriber through Internet protocol technology via the medium of broadband or internet connection.

It is slightly different from digital video that is accesIPTV is Internet Protocol Television, in other words this arrangement makes possible to send TV signals through internet instead of traditional satellite or cable. This can make possible for a viewer to see the programme or movie before it is fully downloaded.

IPTV refers to Internet-based Protocol Television where internet is used to deliver TV programs & Videos that are either live or on demand. IPTV is a system where digital television service is delivered to the subscriber through Internet protocol technology via the medium of broadband or internet connection.

It is slightly different from digital video that is acces

 IPTV has three modes of services: 

1. Live television. In live television, customers can view transmission or telecast

2. Time-shifted media  In time shifted television the view can seen the programme after telecast, like subsequent day

3. Video on demand (VOD) . In the third category, the viewer can see it as and when desired.

 In 1995 for the first time IPTV service was started by Zudith Estin and Bill Larry co companies, through Precept software. By Unix and Windows a viewer can see programme in his mobile anywhere and anytime. It comes to consumer via mobile network. The first mobile TV company Panasonic first introduced it in 1970 by its model TR-001. The same company had 2nd model of MTV -1 in 1977. The 2"inch screen mobile TV set was able to receive signal in many countries. It was sold in USA at 400 dollars. With 3G and 4G in the market, TV programme can be viewed in mobile telephones.

SpaceX

Elon Musk's Starlink fleet includes thousands of satellites that are designed to provide low-cost broadband internet service from low Earth orbit.SpaceX is sending thousands of satellites into space to deliver internet access, but the question of when Starlink will start sending its services back to Earth is another matter.

The company has sent up four batches of 60 satellites each, operating at a low orbit to offer latency of lower than 20 milliseconds and access speeds of around a gigabit. It's a far cry from the low speed, high latency satellite internet currently on the market, and it could help rural and underserved areas get connected at speed.

SpaceX looks set to meet that six-launch deadline this year, based on current progress:

• The first launch of 60 satellites was on May 24, 2019.
• The second was on November 11, 2019.
• The third was on January 6, 2020.
• The fourth was on January 29, 2020.
• A fifth is expected in mid-February this year.
• A sixth is expected in March this year.

One user has been able to already get online with Starlink. Elon Musk claimed to send tweet through the service in October 2019.

GENERAL SERVICE AND COMMERCIALTV

The general people oriented programme through Electronic Media is called Lokseva service. In our country Prasar Bharati is the public transmission organisation. Working under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting the organisation includes Doordarshan and Akashvani and works as an autonomous body. It was established in 23rd November 1997 to grant autonomy in transmission service like some other countries the government enacted for this in 1990 and telecast scenic structure on September 15, 1997. The commercial service started in 1st January in Electronic media service in India. Advertisement preferred to show their advertisement in TV because the transmission was widespread. So many rules were framed in connection with that advertisement. The programmes should not hurt the viewers and it should not truly sensitive issue like morality and religious thoughts which satisfied the customers and business community

1. What is Television?

 What are the benefits of Television? 

2. Discuss about History of Television.

 3. Write how TV programme is transmitted by cable.

 4. What is satellite? How TV services are transmitted via satellite?

 5. How TV broadcasting is done through DTH services?

 6. What is IPTV? 

7. What do you understand by commercial transmission?

4G- Fourth generation mobile network.

 Satellite – which received signals from the Earth and also sends back signals. 

TV station - Office of television, equipped in the transmitted gadgets and high transmitted to link with satellite.

 UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Programme—Various programmes which are telecasted in TV.

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