Scripting

 Script 

It always develops from the idea, a TV news copy that has voice over’s, sound bites, stand-ups, the visuals list. 

Treatment 

A film treatment or treatment is a piece of prose, and the first draft of a screenplay for a motion picture, television program, or radio play. It is generally longer and more detailed than an outline or one-page synopsis, and it may include details of directorial style that an outline omits. Treatments read like a short story, except they are told in the present tense and describe events as they happen. 

Storyboard

 Pictorial representation of shots in a sequential order. It is very handy during shooting shorter videos like commercial or public service messages. In other words it is a graphic organizer in the form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence. 

Writing a TV show treatment

Writing a TV show treatment can be both an exciting and daunting task. It's the first step in moving your story idea from a mere concept to a full-fledged television series

Writing a TV show treatment can be both an exciting and daunting task. It's the first step in moving your story idea from a mere concept to a full-fledged television series.

1. What is a TV Show Treatment?

A TV show treatment is a document that provides a detailed overview of your proposed television show. It is often written to pitch your idea to a production company or television network and acts as a roadmap for future development.

A treatment is a document that presents the story idea of your film before writing the entire script. Treatments are often written in present tense, in a narrative-like prose, and highlight the most important information about your film, including title, logline, story summary, and character descriptions.

Treatments are a way for a writer to test out an idea before investing their creative energy fully into a new screenplay. Treatments also allow for writers to summarize their story idea so they can present the story to studio executives or producers who might want to finance the film.

A film treatment for a TV show typically includes information about the show's main story line, main characters, story arc(s), and episode outlines.  It is not the same as a script treatment, a summary of an entire script or screenplay.

2. The Importance of a Great Treatment

An excellent treatment can be the difference between your television show being greenlit or gathering dust on a producer's shelf. It allows you to showcase your writing skills, demonstrate your ability to develop a compelling narrative, and prove that you deeply understand the world you're creating. A well-written treatment can help you collaborate with other writers and guide the development process as your show evolves.

3. 

The 4 Elements of a Film Treatment

Treatments contain detailed descriptions of the setting, theme, character roles, and plot in order to show how the story will play out for the audience. There are four main things a treatment should contain:

1. 1. Title. Give your treatment a title, even if it’s just a working title.
2. 2. Logline. This is a short sentence summarizing the premise. Learn how to write a logline here.
3. 3. Plot summary. How long you want your story summary to be depends on you as a writer—some writers give short one-page summaries, while others use 70 pages to tell their film’s story.
4. 4. Key characters. Provide a breakdown of key characters, including their arch or how their character develops in the story.

4. Writing Process: Step-by-Step Guide

Develop Your Idea

Before you begin writing, spend some time refining your story idea. Consider the following questions:

• What is the premise of your show?

• What makes it unique and compelling?

• Who are the main characters, and what are their motivations?

• What are the main conflicts and story arcs?

Write an Elevator Pitch

An elevator pitch is a brief, persuasive speech that you can use to spark interest in your show. It should be concise and engaging, highlighting the most intriguing aspects of your concept. Practice your elevator pitch to ensure it's polished and effective.

Create Character Biographies

Develop detailed character biographies for your main characters. Please include information about their backgrounds, personalities, motivations, and relationships with other characters. This will help you create compelling, three-dimensional characters with which audiences can connect.

Map Out the Main Story Arcs

Outline the main story arcs for your show, identifying the central conflicts and resolutions. Focus on the most significant story moments and avoid getting bogged down in fine details.

Write Episode Outlines

Craft episode outlines for the first season or a selection of episodes. These should highlight the main events and storylines, showing the audience how each episode contributes to the narrative.

Edit and Revise

Once you've completed your first draft, please review it carefully and make any necessary revisions. Ensure your treatment is well-organized, engaging, and free of grammatical errors.

Seek Feedback

Share your treatment with trusted friends, colleagues, or industry professionals to gather valuable feedback. Be open to criticism and use it to improve your treatment.

https://sist.sathyabama.ac.in/sist_coursematerial/uploads/SVCA1402.pdf

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Domestication Theory

 

The domestication theory is primarily associated with the fields of technology studies and media studies, though it also extends to anthropology, sociology, and communication studies. This theory explains how technologies are integrated into everyday life and how individuals or societies adapt and make them "domestic" or familiar.

Key Concepts in Domestication Theory:

1. Technologies Become Part of Everyday Life:

   • Domestication theory describes the process through which a new technology (such as the internet, mobile phones, or appliances) transitions from something novel or foreign to something familiar, everyday, and integrated into daily routines.

2. Stages of Domestication: The process of domestication is often divided into several stages:

   • Appropriation: This is the stage where people first acquire or take possession of the technology. It could involve purchasing it or being introduced to it.
   • Objectification: In this stage, the technology is given a place in the household or environment. It is integrated into the space and lifestyle of the user.
   • Incorporation: Here, the technology starts to become part of the daily routines and activities of the household or individual. It becomes embedded in how they work, communicate, or live.
   • Conversion: This final stage refers to the technology being fully integrated and accepted in the broader social context. It may also involve adapting and customizing the technology for personal or local needs.

3. Cultural Adaptation:

   • Technologies are adapted according to cultural, social, and individual needs. People use technologies in ways that suit their social structures, beliefs, and everyday practices. The ways technologies are "domesticated" may vary widely across different societies or demographic groups.

4. Control and Agency:

   • Domestication also emphasizes that people actively control how technologies are integrated into their lives. It’s not just a matter of adopting technology passively; users modify or reshape technologies to fit their needs, values, and lifestyles. This process may involve resistance or negotiation of its role in life.

5. Moral Economy:

   • The theory also talks about the "moral economy" of households, where the technology’s value and use are not just about functionality but also about norms, values, and social relationships. For instance, a technology may be valued not just for its practical use but for how it reflects a person's or family’s identity, status, or values.

Examples of Domestication Theory in Practice:

• Smartphones: When smartphones first emerged, they were seen as luxury devices for tech enthusiasts. Over time, they became essential parts of daily life. Today, people customize their smartphones with apps and settings that reflect their needs and preferences, and these devices are central to how they communicate, work, and engage with the world.

• Social Media: When social media platforms like Facebook or Instagram started, they were novel forms of communication. Over time, people integrated them into their daily routines, using them to maintain social ties, share information, and even build personal or professional identities.

In Relation to Women and Entrepreneurship:

Domestication theory could apply to the adoption of entrepreneurial technologies by women. For instance, how women entrepreneurs integrate new technologies (like e-commerce platforms or digital marketing tools) into their business operations might reflect their specific needs, challenges, and contexts. The process of domestication might involve adapting those tools to fit cultural norms, societal expectations, or the unique demands of balancing work and family life.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313988538_What_Use_is_Domestication_Theory_to_Information_Systems_Research

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Concept of Women Entrepreneurship and Intra Entrepreneurship

 

“When women move forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves”  -Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

 Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business concern.

Define Entrepreneurship

 Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of creating and managing a new business venture with the aim of making a profit. 

Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who set up and operate her own enterprise. In other words, women entrepreneurs are self-employed individuals who establish their enterprise and involve themselves for economic activities. 

The Govt. of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise

The Government of India has defined a woman entrepreneurship as “an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”.

The definition is subject to criticism mainly on the condition of employing 50% women workers in the enterprises owned and run by the women

Women entrepreneurs are those women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it, organize and combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise and undertake risks and handle economic uncertainty involving running a business enterprise.

 

Some common features of Women Entrepreneurs in India 

• Women with small families are more likely to become entrepreneurs 

• A majority of the women entrepreneurs are married 

• Unmarried women face difficulties in getting financial support to launch their enterprises 

• Many women entrepreneurs belong to the low-income group 

• Many women become entrepreneurs out of economic necessity 

• Gender discrimination is encountered at every stage of business development

 • Women entrepreneurs are security-oriented than growth-oriented 

• They prefer diversification to specialization 

• They prefer stabilization of income and minimization of risk over maximization of income 

• The trend is changing, 

 

What Is Intrapreneurship?

Intrapreneurship refers to a system within a company or organization that allows employees to act like entrepreneurs. Intrapreneurs are self-motivated, proactive, and action-oriented individuals who take the initiative to develop innovative products or services.

 Intrapreneurship allows employees to act like entrepreneurs within an organization.

• Intrapreneurs are typically self-motivated, proactive, and action-oriented individuals with leadership skills who think outside the box.
• Intrapreneurship is a stepping stone to entrepreneurship, enabling intrapreneurs to use their team experiences to develop their own businesses.
• Understanding Entrepreneurships

Intrapreneurship creates an entrepreneurial environment by allowing employees to apply their entrepreneurial skills to benefit the company and themselves. It provides employees with the freedom to experiment and the potential for growth within the organization.

Intrapreneurship aims to foster autonomy and independence as employees seek the best solutions. For example, an intrapreneur might be tasked with researching and recommending a more efficient workflow for a company's brand within a target group or implementing initiatives to improve company culture.

What is an intrapreneur?

An intrapreneur is someone who behaves like an entrepreneur while working with a large organization. Steve Jobs described it in terms of the startups he worked with as a young man: “a group of people going back to the garage, but in a large company.”

The term intrapreneur was conceived in the 1980s and is becoming increasingly popular as large companies seek to defend against innovative startups, grow their business in the face of digital disruption, and find new and creative ways to solve customer problems and serve unmet market needs.

Types of Intrapreneurs

The 3 Types of Intrapreneur

Intrapreneurship is not a solo sport! Successful intrapreneurs work in teams to deliver breakthrough impact. And our research has uncovered three distinct types of intrapreneur that together make up a great team.

The Advocate

The Advocate typically comes from a customer-facing role. They play a leading role in shaping the problem to be solved, defining the attributes of the customer and what the solution itself should look like. They are often easiest to spot in a company as they constantly come up with a stream of new ideas. They often have roles like designer, business analyst, user experience architect or perhaps come from a sales or marketing background.

The Creator

The Creator is an internal facing role. The Creator is the person that will give life to your idea and create the prototype solution. In the tech-centric world we live in, this person is often a programmer or engineer, but depending on your industry, they could have a very different job title. For example, if you work in the food industry then the Creator might be a chef, nutritionist or confectioner.

The Change Maker

The Change Maker is external business-facing person. This is the person that makes things happen… funding, partnerships, finance, sales. This person is usually an extrovert, self-confident and a great networker. The team will rely on The Change Maker to open doors for them, win-over the gatekeepers in the company and get the necessary buy-in from stakeholders. The Change Maker can come from anywhere in the company and be of any grade.

Characteristics of Intrapreneurs

Intrapreneurs tackle specific challenges, such as increasing productivity and cutting costs, requiring a high level of skill, including leadership and innovative thinking. They take risks and drive innovation within the business to improve its goods and services, better serving the market.

A successful intrapreneur is comfortable with uncertainty, persistently testing their ideas until they achieve the desired results. They can interpret market trends and envision how the company needs to evolve to stay competitive. Intrapreneurs are integral to the company's backbone, serving as the driving force that maps out the organization’s future.

What is the Difference Between Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship?

The main difference between an entrepreneur and an intrapreneur is that an entrepreneur starts their own company, while an intrapreneur innovates within an existing company. Entrepreneurs develop new business concepts, create business plans, secure financing, and build teams. In contrast, intrapreneurs use their entrepreneurial mindset to drive innovation and lead new initiatives within their organization without bearing the financial risks

Intrapreneur

An intrapreneur is an employee who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a new product or service. An intrapreneur brings entrepreneurial thinking and skills to build within the structure of an existing organization. 

Ken Kutaragi - PlayStation

Here's a perfect example of how intrapreneurship can lead to huge benefits on both an individual and company-wide level.

Ken Kutaragi began his career at Sony as an electrical engineer in the sound department at the age of 25.

With the money he'd earned from his new role, Ken bought his daughter a Nintendo games console, but as he watched her play, he was disappointed by the sound quality.

As Sony was not at that time involved in the gaming industry, Ken began working on a side project in which he was a consultant for Nintendo, developing a new chip to improve the sound for Nintendo’s next generation of games consoles.

When Sony senior executives discovered Ken’s project, they threatened to fire him from his position.

Luckily, Sony’s Chief Executive Norio Oghar recognized Ken’s creativity and intrapreneurial mindset, so he supported Ken and encouraged him to pursue his efforts. Ken worked alongside Nintendo, developing a new CD-ROM-based system for Nintendo.

However, In a strange twist, Nintendo decided against using Ken’s CD-ROM and chose to move forward in a new direction.

Whilst Kutaragi was disappointed, his spirit wasn’t dampened as he turned his focus towards Sony, recognizing the business opportunity that lay before the company to break out into the gaming industry.

With true intrapreneurial spirit and determination, Ken pushed internally for Sony to develop a new games console. He faced major pushback from Sony’s senior management, with most of them believing that Sony just “didn’t do gaming”.

Once again, Norio Ogha took a huge gamble and decided to back Kutaragi. Ken was elected to lead Sony’s gaming system project which eventually released the iconic PlayStation in 1995. 

Upon its release, the PlayStation took a clear market share of the gaming industry and, by the late 1990s, one in four US households owned a Sony PlayStation product.

By 1998, the Sony PlayStation was providing 40% of Sony Corporation’s profit.

Ken Kutaragi displayed the core principles of intrapreneurship by using his creative thinking to innovate outside the box, to take a chance despite all the ‘Nay-sayers’ who tried to push him back.

Kutaragi’s intrapreneurial spirit propelled him through the ranks of Sony, where he eventually became the Chairman and CEO.

Some Interesting Statistics on Female Entrepreneurs in India

1. About 58% of the female entrepreneurs were in the age range of 20-30 when they started out.
2. Nearly 73% of them report revenue of approximately Rs 10 lakhs in a financial year.
3. Almost 40% of these women started out solo, i.e., without any other member.
4. About 35% of the women had a co-founder.
5. Roughly 40% of the Indian female entrepreneurs employ five people or less.
6. Despite the challenges of business ownership, 74% of the women entrepreneurs were somewhat or very happy owning a business, 17% were somewhat or very unhappy, and 9% were neutral.

In a country like India, where most women aren't encouraged to think big (especially in the rural parts of the nation), there are some who have soared higher than one would expect in a constrictive setup.

These wonder women are inspiring other ladies to venture on the path of entrepreneurship through their success stories comprising personal struggles and challenges. As a result, India is steadily rising up the ranks when it comes to a favourable startup environment coupled with some solid backing from the Indian government.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/intrapreneurship.asp#:~:text=Investopedia%20%2F%20Paige%20McLaughlin-,What%20Is%20Intrapreneurship%3F,develop%20innovative%20products%20or%20services.

https://intrapreneurnation.com/skills/3-types-of-intrapreneur/

https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/mgmtp09/chapter/women-entrepreneurship/

https://ideas.sideways6.com/article/examples-of-successful-intrapreneurs

 

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MULTIMEDIA

 

The words multi and media are combined to form the word multimedia. The word “multi” signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily transferred from one location to another.

 

Multimedia is the presentation of text, pictures, audio, and video with links and tools that allow the user to navigate, engage, create, and communicate using a computer.

 Multimedia refers to the computer-assisted integration of text, drawings, images and moving images (videos) graphics, audio, animation, and any other media in which any type of information can be expressed, stored, communicated, and processed digitally.

 

CATEGORIES OF MULTIMEDIA

1. Linear Multimedia

It is also called Non-interactive multimedia. In the case of linear multimedia, the end-user cannot control the content of the application. It has literally no interactivity of any kind. Some multimedia projects like  sequential or non-interactive multimedia, is a type of multimedia that is presented in a linear, sequential manner from start to finish. It is designed to be displayed, and the user has little to no interaction with it. Some examples of linear multimedia include: Video tutorials, PowerPoint presentations, Video streaming services, and Music and television station broadcasts.

Linear multimedia works very well for providing information to a large group of people such as at training sessions, seminars, workplace meetings, etc. 

 

2. NON-LINEAR MULTIMEDIA

In Non-Linear multimedia, the end-user is allowed the navigational control to rove through multimedia content at his own desire. The user can control the access of the application. Non-linear offers user interactivity to control the movement of data. For example computer games, websites, self-paced computer-based training packages, etc.

Multimedia is the use of a computer to present and combine text, graphics, audio, and video with links and tools that let the user navigate, interact, and create; and multimedia is used to represent information in an interesting and interactive manner.

It combines text, audio, video, graphics, and animation. It uses media in an interactive manner to provide information in multiple ways. Multimedia uses computers to present and combine text, graphics, audio, and video with links and tools, allowing the user to navigate, interact, create, and communicate. It has 5 key elements/Components of Multimedia

The various components of multimedia are Text, Audio, Graphics, Video and Animation. All these components work together to represent information in an effective and easy manner.

1) Text:

Text is the most common medium of representing the information. In multimedia, text is mostly use for titles, headlines,menu etc. The most commonly used software for viewing text files are Microsoft Word, Notepad, Word pad etc. Mostly the text files are formatted with ,DOC, TXT etc extension.

2)Audio:

In multimedia audio means related with recording, playing etc. Audio is an important components of multimedia because this component increase the understandability and improves the clarity of the concept. audio includes speech, music etc. The commonly used software for playing audio files are:
i) Quick Time
ii) Real player
iii) Windows Media Player

3)Graphics:

Every multimedia presentation is based on graphics. The used of graphics in multimedia makes the concept more effective and presentable.the commonly used software for viewing graphics are windows Picture, Internet Explorer etc. The commonly used graphics editing software is Adobe Photoshop through which graphics can be edited easily and can be make effective and attractive.

4)Video:

Video means moving pictures with sound. It is the best way to communicate with each other. In multimedia it is used to makes the information more presentable and it saves a large amount of time. The commonly used software for viewing videos are:
i) Quick Time
ii) Window Media Player
iii) Real Player

5)Animation:

In computer animation is used to make changes to the images so that the sequence of the images appears to be moving pictures. An animated sequence shows a number of frames per second to produce an effect of motion in the user’s eye. Some of the commonly used software for viewing animation are:
i) Internet Explorer
ii) Windows Pictures
iii) Fax Viewer

These are the components of Multimedia. Now I am going to talk about its applications.

APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA

Nowadays the application of Multimedia are observed in various fields such as Education, Entertainment, Business and so on. To communicate the message in the form of picture, sound, video, animation is the primary role of multimedia. Some of the application  of multimedia are as follows:

1) MULTIMEDIA IN EDUCATION:

Multimedia is becoming popular in the field of education. It is commonly used to prepare study material for the students and also provide them proper understanding of different subjects. Nowadays Edutainment, a combination of Education and Entertainment has become very popular. This system provides learning as well as provides entertainment to the user.

Multimedia provides the benefit of interactive learning. Multimedia differs from television in this sense.Multimedia is utilized in education to create popular reference books like encyclopedias and guidebooks as well as computer-based training courses (often referred to as CBTs). Text, pictures, music, and animation are all used in CBTs.

2) MULTIMEDIA IN ENTERTAINMENT:

Computer graphics techniques are now commonly use in making movies and games. this increase the growth of multimedia.

i)Movies: Multimedia used in movies gives a special audio and video effect. Today multimedia has totally changed the art of making movies in the world. Difficult effect, action is only possible through multimedia.

ii)Games: Multimedia used in games by using computer graphics, animation, videos have changed the gaming experience. Presently, games provides fast action, 3-D effects and high quality sound effects which is only possible through multimedia.

3)MULTIMEDIA IN BUSINESS: 

Today multimedia is used in every aspect of business. These are some of the applications:

i)Video conferencing: This system enables to communicate using audio and video between two different locations through their computers.When the information is sent across the world, this technology provides cost benefits to the business which saves their time, energy and money.

ii)Marketing and advertisement: Nowadays different advertisement and marketing ideas about any product on television and internet is possible with multimedia.

Industry Scenario

The Indian M&E sector powered through to a growth of 8.1% to reach INR 2.3 Tn in 2023. India secures 4th rank in “ICT Services exports”. India’s Media & Entertainment industry is expected to grow to INR 3.08 Tn by 2026 at 10-12% CAGR, led by OTT, Gaming, Animation and VFX.

• Regional OTT content volumes exceeded Hindi language content in 2023 for the first time.
• Indians spent 13 Bn+ hours on online sports, among the most time spent in the world.
• 56% of viewership on Television was in Indian regional languages.
• Animation segment saw huge demand from OTT platforms and kid's channels.
• Digital advertising grew 15% to reach INR 576 Bn in 2023 and is expected to reach INR 842 Bn by 2026.

Government Initiatives

• The Government of India has taken various initiatives such as digitizing the cable distribution sector to attract greater institutional funding, increasing the FDI limit from 74% to 100% in cable and direct-to-home (DTH) satellite platforms, and granting industry status to the film industry for easy access to institutional finance.

ENTERTAINMENT WITH MULTIMEDIA

 One of the biggest multimedia industries, the entertainment business has grown as a result of technological advancements in the creation of games, movies, ads, and other forms of entertainment.

The entertainment sector makes extensive use of multimedia, particularly to create special effects for films and cartoons. Avatar, Avengers, and The Jungle book are a few examples.

 

A common hobby of many people is playing multimedia games, and the same is true of software that can be downloaded online or through CD-ROMs. Multimedia aspects are also used in some video games.

 

Interactive multimedia refers to multimedia programs that let users take part actively rather than merely passively consuming information. Multimedia in the Business. 

In business, multimedia is an extremely powerful presentation and sales tool. Conferences, training, advertising, promotion, product demos, modeling, databases, portfolios, text messaging, network communications, voicemail messages, and teleconferencing are just a few examples of business uses for multimedia

.Nowadays, there is a large industry devoted to internet marketing, hosting websites, and website coding. Using several technologies including email, Texting, MMS, teleconferences, and chats, among others, the company uses it to grow its customer. With the help of multimedia business, even simple office programs like a word processor or spreadsheet software become effective tools. To emphasize key points in the documents, images, animation, and sound can be added to these applications.

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