The Press Council Act - 1978

Press Council of India was successful in directing the press in India. Its vigilent watch over the functioning of media make sure that the press is free to function, at the same time deliver its duties responsibly and accurately.The Press Council was enacted and effective from 7th Sept. 1978. Objective of the Act is to establish a Press council for the purpose of preserving the freedom of the Press and of maintaining the standards of newspaper and news agencies in India.  The council shall consist of a chairman and twenty-eight other members. The date the Press Council started functioning 16th of November (1966) is observed as the National Press Day.

The chairman is nominated by a Committee consisting of the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha and a person elected by the members of the council, and the nomination so made shall take effect from the date on which it is notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette. The members include thirteen working journalists, of whom not less than six shall be editors of newspapers, six from the management section of the newspapers , three subject experts (one each is nominated by UGC, Bar Council of India, and Sahitya Academy), one representing the news agencies, three from Lok Sabha nominated by the speaker and two from Rajya Sabha, chosen by its Chairman. 

The Press Council Act empowers the Press Council to make observations in respect of conduct of any authority including Government, if considered necessary for performance of its functions under the Act. It can warn, admonish or censure the newspaper, the news agency, the editor or the journalist or disapprove the conduct of the editor or the journalist if it finds that a newspaper or a news agency has offended against the standards of journalistic ethics or public taste or that an editor or a working journalist has committed any professional misconduct.

Functions

1. to help newspapers to maintain their independence; 
2. to build up a code of conduct for newspapers news agencies and journalists in accordance with high professional standards; 
3. to ensure on the part of newspapers news agencies and journalists, the maintenance of high standards of public taste and foster a due sense of both the rights and responsibilities of citizenship; 
4. to encourage the growth of a sense of responsibility and public service aiming all those engaged in the profession of journalism;
5. to keep under review any development likely to restrict the supply and dissemination of news of public interest and importance; 
6. to keep under review cases of assistance received by any newspaper or news agency in India from any foreign source including such cases as are referred to it by the Central Government or are brought to its notice by any individual, association of persons or any other organization: Provided that nothing in this clause shall preclude the central Government from dealing with any case of assistance received by a newspaper or news agency in India from any foreign source in any other manner it thinks fit; 
7. to undertake studies of foreign newspapers, including those brought out by any embassy or other representatives in India of a foreign state, their circulation and impact. 
8. to promote a proper functional relationship among sell classes of persons engaged in the production or publication of newspapers or in news agencies: 
9. to concern itself developments such as concentration of or other aspects of ownership of newspapers and news agencies which may affect the independence of the Press; 
10. to indurate such studies as may be entrusted to the council and to espousers its opinion in regard to any matter referred to it by the central government; 
11. to do such other acts as may be incidental or conductive to the discharge of the above functions. 

Powers
Every inquiry held by the Council shall be deemed to be a judicial proceeding. Where, on receipt of a complaint made to it or otherwise, the Council has reason to believe that a newspaper has offended against the standards of journalistic ethics or public taste or that an editor or a working journalist has committed any professional mis-conduct or a breach of the code of journalistic ethics, the Council may, after giving the newspaper, the editor or journalist concerned an opportunity of being heard, hold an inquiry in such manner as may be provided by regulations made under this Act and, if it is satisfied that it is necessary so to do, it may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, censure the newspaper, the editor or journalist, as the case may be. 

The decision of the Council shall be final and shall not be questioned in any court of law. 

The fundamental objective of journalism is to serve the people with news, views, comments and information on matters of public interest in a fair, accurate and unbiased manner.

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FORMATS OF RADIO PROGRAMMES

http://download.nos.org/srsec335new/ch11.pdf

The radio stations are  Vividh Bharati, AIR, FM Gold or some private commercial station. .

Announcements have been traditionally made by people who are known as announcers.

The commercial radio channels may call them Radio Jockeys (RJs) or anchor persons.

A radio station also broadcasts programmes of different types. 
The requirements of listeners of radio stations are not the same. To serve them, we need to know many facts about them. So  we should know about the audience:

Radio formats  decided on the basis of the needs of the audience.

1. (a) The total population of the area.
2. (b) Number of men and women — Sex ratio
3. (c) Literate people/Illiterate people
4. (d) The languages spoken in the area.
5. (e) Schools/Colleges
6. (f) Children going to school
7. (g) Health facilities — availability of doctors, primary health centre, clinics,hospitals.
8. (h) Any major diseases
9. (i) Religions in the area-population wise
10. (j) Power supply
11. (k) Nearest radio stations/Television stations
12. (l) Climate of the place
13. (m) Main occupation of the people
14. (n) Income per head/people below poverty line
15. (o) Roads/transport facilities
16. (p) Irrigation facilities
17. (q) Number of people engaged in agriculture/other occupations.
18. (r) Types of crops.

TYPES OF RADIO FORMATS

The ingredients of a radio format.
 

A Radio format can be split into three parts: They are:-
(a) Spoken Word or Human Voice
(b) Music
(c) Sound Effects

  I. SPOKEN WORD

1. Announcements :

 These are specifically written clear messages to inform. They can be of different types. These announcements have become informal and resemble ordinary conversation.

2. Radio talk : 

The radio talk probably is the oldest format on radio. There has been a tradition in India and Britain to invite experts or prominent persons to speak for 10 or 15 minutes on a specific topic.
These talks have to go through a process of being changed into radio’s spoken word style. Over these long radio talks have become unpopular. Instead, today, shorter duration talks are broadcast. Of course, we can listen to these talks only on public service broadcasting stations.

3. Radio interviews:  

In the media, be it the newspaper, magazine, radio or television, journalists use this technique of asking questions to get information. There can be different types of interviews in terms of their duration, content and purpose.

Firstly, there are full fledged interview programmes. The duration of these may vary from 10 minutes to 30 minutes or even 60 minutes depending up on the topic, and the person being interviewed. Most of such interviews are personality based, long interviews with well known people in the field of public life, literature, science, sports, films etc.

Secondly, there are interviews which are used in various radio programmes like documentaries. Here the interviews are short, questions specific and not many. The purpose is to get a very brief, to the point answer.

Thirdly there are a lot of interviews or interview based programmes in news and current affairs programmes. With phone-in-programmes becoming popular, you might have heard live interviews with listeners. These interviews have been made interactive.

There is another type of interview based programme. Here generally just one or two questions are put across to ordinary people or people with knowledge on some current topic to measure public opinion. For example  the railway budget is presented in the parliament, people representing radio go out and ask the general public about their opinion. Their names and identity may not be asked. Such programmes are called ‘vox pop’ which is a Latin phrase meaning‘ voice of people’.

4. Radio discussions :- 

 In radio,is used this technique to let people have different points of view on matters of public concern. Radio discussions are produced when there are social or economic issues which may be controversial. So when different experts meet and discuss such issues, people understand various points of view. Generally,these discussions on radio are of longer duration-say 15 to 30 minutes. Two
or three people who are known for their views and a well informed senior person or journalist who acts as a moderator take part and discuss a particular topic for about 30 minutes. The moderator conducts the discussion, introduces the topic and the participants and ensures that every one gets enough time to speak and all issues are discussed.

5. Radio documentaries/features: 

If you see a film in a movie hall, it is generally a feature film, which is story based and not real. But there are also documentary films which are based on real people and issues. A lot of programmes you see on television are educational and public service documentaries. Radio also has this format. Unlike documentary films, radio documentaries have only sound – i.e. the human voice, music and sound effects. So a radio documentary is a programme based on real sounds and real people and their views and experiences. Radio documentaries are based on facts presented in an attractive manner or dramatically. Radio documentaries are radio’s own creative format. The producer of a documentary needs to be very creative to use human voice, script, music and sound effects very effectively. Radio documentaries are also called radio features.

6. Radio drama: 

A Radio drama or a radio play is like  theatre drama. The only difference is that while a stage play has actors, stage, sets, curtains, properties movement and live action, a radio play has only three components. They are the human voice, music and sound effects.
Radio uses its greatest strength for producing radio plays and that is the power of imagination and suggestivity. For example, if you want to have a scene in a radio play we don’t have all physical arrangements made. All that you have to do is to use a bright tune on the excited voices of people to create in a listeners’ imagination, a wedding scene. The voice of the actors, music and sound effects can create any situation in a radio play.

7. Running commentaries :

 Running commentaries on radio can be on various sports events or on ceremonial occasions like the Republic Day Parade or events like festivals, melas, rath yatras, swearing in ceremony of
ministers, last journey (funeral procession) of national leaders  event. A commentator would give us all the details of the match such as the number of players, the score, position of the players in the field etc. So by listening to the running commentary, you get a feeling of being in the stadium and watching the match. The commentator needs good communication skills, a good voice and knowledge about what is going on. Today radio running commentaries especially of cricket and other sports can be heard on your mobile phones.

8. Magazine programmes : 

 Radio also has magazine programmes like those in the print media.  A radio magazine is broadcast at periodicity ( a particular time on a particular day of a week or a month).  Similarly it has plenty of variety in contents. Some or many formats of radio are included in a radio magazine. These may be talks, discussions, interviews, reviews, music etc. Likewise, the duration of each programme or item in a magazine programme also vary. Another characteristic of a radio magazine is that it has a signature tune. A signature tune is an attractive piece of music which is specific to a programme. It can be like the masthead (title) of a magazine. A magazine programme also has a name and one or two presenters or anchor persons who link the whole programme. In the beginning, the titles of the day’s programme will be given by the presenters after the signature tune. They also give continuity and link the whole magazine. Magazine programmes are generally broadcast for a special or specific audience. 

9. NEWS: 

Among all the spoken word formats on radio, news is the most popular. News bulletins and news programmes are broadcast every hour by radio stations. In India, only All India Radio is allowed to broadcast news. Duration of news bulletins vary from 5 minute to 30 minutes. The longer news
bulletins have interviews, features, reviews and comments from experts.

  II. MUSIC :

So music is the main stay in radio. There is no radio without music. Music is used in different ways on radio. There are programmes of music and music is also used in different programmes. These include signature tunes, music used as effects in radio plays and features. India has a great heritage of music and radio in India reflects that. Let us understand the different types of music.

Classical Music
There are 3 types of classical music in India. They are:-
1. Hindustani classical
2. Carnatic classical
3. Western classical
There are also vocal and instrumental music forms.
There are also light classical music forms like, Thumri and Dadra. Insturmental music forms include string (sitar, sarod etc.) wind (like flutes, shehnai) and percussion (drum) instruments.You might have heard such music on radio a large variety of devotional and folk music in your area and across the country. Which are broadcast on radio.  While there are film songs in different languages, the one with a national appeal and popularity is Hindi film songs. On most radio stations, be it public
service or commercial,Light western and pop music are also popular among some groups of listeners and there is a large section of young people listening to western pop music.

III SOUND EFFECTS

Let us see how sound can be used in radio formats.

• Sound can play a major role in evoking interest.
• Sound can be used for comic effects to evoke laughter
• Sound can be used to create certain moods or enhance them.

India has taken giant leaps in the field of information technology and radio as a medium, has taken a lead in applying information technology in its broadcasts. Let us discuss some of these formats:

1. Phone in programme – In this age of technological development, phone-in is the most important format. This is called interactive programming where the listener and the presenter talk to each other. Their talk goes on air instantly.The listener has the satisfaction that his voice is being listened to and replied immediately. Other listeners also listen to him. Such presentations need advance publicity so that the listeners get ready to air their grievances/queries or requests. They dial up the announced telephone number at a stipulated time and get their problems discussed with experts in the studio. Initially this format was introduced for playing the listeners’ request based film songs. Now it is being used for health related programmes, rural broadcasts, complaints against the government/
administrative machinery etc.

2. Radio bridge : Radio bridge means connecting different stations throughout the length and breadth of the country. In this technique, for example, an expert sitting at Chennai can interact with the common man in the studio in Delhi. This format was first used by All India Radio during elections.

3. Radio on internet : Radio on internet is a growing phenomenon with thousands of radio stations operating through computer modems. It is altogether a new format that removes the restrictions of frequency or license. It is relatively cheap to set up.  It has certain advantages as well as disadvantages.  Now all the national and international radio stations like BBC, Voice of America, and
All India Radio are available on internet. It is now possible to listen to the programmes from a radio station while working on the computer.

All India Radio started its services on internet on 1st May 1998. With this, it was possible to extend the coverage of programmes to all parts of the world including USA and Canada.

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What You mean by Integrated Personality ?

Our personalities make us unique, but 

1. how does personality develop? 
2. What factors play the most important role in the formation of personality? 
3. Can personality change?

The term personality comes from the Latin word persona, which means ‘mask’. Personality is the mask that has been given to you to keep your original face hidden.

 THE CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY-

 

DEFINITION:  

“Personality is defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thoughts, emotions, and observable behaviors.”

 “It is the sum of biologically based and learnt behavior which forms the person's unique responses to environmental stimuli”.  Personality, thus, is inclusive of everything about your physique, socio-emotional and personal characteristics.

 The personality is the quality of the individual's total behavior, how He/she acts, when her/his activity is taken as a whole. It is a complete and unified outcome of all the developmental processes through which an individual has passed.

 

 In our everyday life we come across various kinds of persons. Some are amicable, some shy, some emotional/cold, some irritable and angry, some immoral, some antisocial, some 'beautiful,  some aggressive and the list can go on.

Your personality means you - the whole person and everything about you, your face, hair, teeth, eye, your way of walking, standing, talking, mannerism, character, habits, thinking, feeling, attitudes, interests and everything else about you.

 Well integrated personality is the sum total of harmonious expression of:

Physical self, Emotional self, Social self, Mental /moral self, Blissful self/spiritual self

 

 Physical Self relates to our senses and mind & body are related. Physical Self is simply referring to the body of an individual. It is develop through heredity , we also develop our physical self through learning on our own experiences. We acquire our physical appearances (e.g. hair color, eye color, height,skin color, etc.) through the biological heredity. So that our physical appearance can affect our self-esteem. People tend to have higher self-esteem if their appearance are modest to the eye of other people, Proper nourishment and growth of physical abilities is essential by way of Eat a healthy meal, Engage in exercise, Go for a walk, Drink water, Practice good sleep hygiene , Have a cup of tea, Sit in the sun light, Take a shower or bath

Emotional Self : Emotional Self-Awareness is the ability to understand our own emotions and their effects on our performance. We know what we are feeling and why—and how it helps or hurts what we are trying to do. 

You sense how others see you and so align your self-image with a larger reality. You have an accurate sense of your strengths and limitations, which gives you a realistic self-confidence. It also gives you clarity on your values and sense of purpose, so you can be more decisive when you set a course of action. As a leader, you can be candid and authentic, speaking with conviction about your vision.

 

Social self : Social self refers to how we perceive ourselves in relation to others. It involves relationship building, empathizing, and communicating. A healthy, or not so healthy, social self will also impact your overall mental wellbeing and ability to meet life goals. That’s because much of our world is social and involves interactions with others.

 

Mental self is related to stress and psychology. Mental self-care includes doing things that keep your mind sharp, like puzzles, or learning about a subject that fascinates you. Mental self, possible through Practice mindfulness, take a break, play video games, listen to music, read a book, Listen to a podcast, or watching movies that inspire you fuels your mind.

Mental self-care also involves doing things that help you stay mentally healthy. Practicing self-compassion and acceptance, for example, helps you maintain a healthier inner dialog

Spiritual or Blissful self is the function of state of being. It calls for remaining calm and unaffected way to remain happy, free from worldly affair, in calamities and disasters, in suffering or loss, in failure and success, but we can connect with nature, meditate, engage in self-reflection

 

To attain the development in personality this fivefold method, we follow:

1.       Self-effort

2.       Self-control

3.      Self-reliance

4.      Self-sacrifice

5.      Self-knowledge

 

Swami Vivekananda says that We are what our thoughts made us. Thoughts travel far & fast. So, take care of thoughts. If good impression prevails, the integrated personality becomes good. An integrated person develops upward.

Who are they influenced an integrated personality:

INFLUENCE OF PARENTS: The personality begins to get and formed in prenatal stage. Parents knowingly or unknowingly mould the personality of the child by their thoughts and actions. When the child is little big, he watches and imitates his parents.

INFLUENCE OF TEACHER:

 Teachers influence in moulding the integrated personality of children. If parents and teachers are confirmed noble character, their wards will mostly be of same character. That is why, education in olden days was in the hand of ideal man and sages.

INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT: Besides parents and teachers, there is a powerful influence of social environment. Ethical conducts have to be cultivated from childhood which takes care of the human personality and its fulfillment. Success lies in the development of will power, character, concentration,

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OR IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:

 

1.    CONFIDENCE:Personality development gives more confidence to people. increase your confidence.

2.    CREDIBILITY: Personality development makes people more credible.

3.  INTERACTION: Personality development encourages people to interact with others. Studies have consistently shown that people communicate more openly with people they are comfortable with.

4.     LEADING AND MOTIVATING: Personality development enhances the capacity to lead and motivate. A person with a winning personality will be able to motivate better. People are less likely to get bored, and our ideas will have more credibility.

5.     CURTESY: A single wrong word can destroy a good  relationship. Knowing the right things to say shows both respect and intellectual sophistication.

6.     COMMUNICATION SKILLS: It improves your communication skills. People are more receptive to what you say if they are impressed with your personality. Personality development is a crucial ingredient that you must obtain.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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MASS COMMUNICATION

Mass communicatin

The simplest definition of mass communication is “public communication transmitted electronically or mechanically.”In Mass communication   messages are transmitted or sent to large, perhaps millions or billions of people spread across the world. They are different forms of mass media such as newspapers, magazines, films, radio, television and internet. Media is the plural for the word medium or ‘means of communication’.  Means of communication is also called channel of communication.

Definition

Mass communication can therefore also be defined as ‘who’, ‘says what’, ‘in which channel’, ‘to whom’, ‘with what effect’.

Who’ : refers to the communicator sender or encoder.

‘what’ means the message. What the communicator has written, spoken or shown is the message.

‘In what channel’: The channels are the means through which messages are sent. These may

be newspapers, films, radio, television or the internet.This refers to the medium or channel like the newspaper, radio, or television.

‘To whom’ : This refers to the person receiving the message or the receiver. 

“With what effect”: This refers to the impact or effect r feedback of a message on a channel or medium.  

Elements of Mass Communication 

Mass communication is characterized by the transmission of complex messages to large and diverse  audiences, using sophisticated technology of communication. Mass media refers to the institutions that provide such messages such as   newspapers, magazines, television, radio, film and Internet. 

Here are some distinguishing characteristics of mass communication. 

1.      The source of mass communication message generally is a person or group operating within an organizational setting. Examples of these sources are news reporters, television producers and magazine editors. Likewise, the source generally is a multiple entity, For example, producers, writers, actors, directors and video editors  copyeditors, typesetters, graphic designers and photographers together produce a magazine article. 

ƒ2. Mass media messages are sophisticated and complex.  Mass media messages are quite elaborate. Examples of mass media message are a news report, a novel, a movie, a television program, a magazine article, newspaper columns, a music video, and a billboard advertisement.  

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3. Channels of mass media, involve one or more aspects of technology.  for example, Radi involves tape machines, microphones, devices that digitize sound waves, transmitters that disseminate them, and receiving units that decode the sound waves and render. 

4. Audiences generally are self-selected, people who tune in to a particular television or who read a particular magazine. Mass audiences also are heterogeneous, meaning that they are both large and diverse. They actually are made up of groups of people with dissimilar background, demographics, and socio-political characteristics; they are spread over a vast geographic area. 

 5. Feedback is minimal in mass media, and no real give-and-take is practically possible. Message flow typically is one-way, from source to receiver. Traditionally, feedback has been minimal and  generally delayed. A newspaper reader could write a letter to the editor; a television viewer might  respond to a survey. With the Internet, new possibility are being found to increase feedback, but  it remains limited. 

6.  Noise exists in the mass context. Noise may be semantic, environmental or mechanical. 

 ORIGIN OF MASS COMMUNICATION

 There was a time when men on horseback travelled long distances to convey news , Pigeons were used as postmen to deliver messages. We  may  heard of Kalidasa who was one of the greatest Sanskrit poets describe in his poem ‘Meghdoot’, a Yaksha (celestial singer) sends messages to his beloved through the clouds.

The invention of paper and printing, and later newspapers, were the first steps towards mass communication. Before the invention of paper, writing was done on rocks, leather, palm leaves etc. The Chinese are credited with the use of some sort of paper in 105 AD, the word ‘paper’ is derived from the name of a plant Papyrus, that grows on the banks of river Nile in Egypt.  

It is believed that Johannes Gutenberg of Germany was the first to develop printing around 1439. With printing, there was a revolution in the way communication developed. The printing process that Gutenberg developed later underwent much changes and mechanization. Computers have further improved printing operations. You will learn more about printing in your next module on ‘print media’.

History of Mass Communication 

The first communication revolution came with the invention of writing. This allowed people to communicate over time and distance. ƒ

The second major communication revolution came with the invention of mass writing by the printing press. This allowed people to communicate in larger numbers. The printing press spurred the transition from medieval  to modern society and the concurrent growth of education and discovery. 

The third communication revolution was led by the invention of the telegraph in the 1830s. Prior to that time, people could communicate only if they could see or hear a  message presentation – read a book, hear a speech, observe smoke signals, receive a message by horse or carrier pigeon. The telegraph made possible two-way communication at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second) in real time. It also made possible communication that was not bound by distance, quickly spreading across continents and oceans. The telephone enhanced this technology, and both inventions brought not only new communication opportunities.

The fourth communication revolution involved what today can be categories as electronic media devices such as radio, photography, film, television and sound recordings.  These communication devices had major social consequences, creating new opportunities for learning, sharing and discovery, as well as new patterns of entertainment and information. 

ƒThe fifth communication revolution was twofold. It involves the invention of both the computer and the communication satellite. Computers serve as the storehouses and transmitters of vast amount of information, virtually the sum of all human knowledge. Satellites make possible the instantaneous transmission of messages throughout the world. Features associated with both include wireless technology, fiber optics, digitization, miniaturization, data compression and interactivity. 

Role of Mass Media 

Historians  identify four basic roles for the mass media: surveillance, interpretation, socialization and entertainment. .

Surveillanceƒ

Surveillance refers to the news and information role of mass media. This role can be subdivided into warning surveillance associated with the news media information about such as floods, military attack, and depressed economic conditions and instrumental surveillance associated with transmission of useful information about news products, entertainment guides, stock market prices, etc.

Information

The most important function of mass communication is dissemination of information to the public primary through news media-electronic and print. Information diffused through these channels (media) is about new events, products, changes in policies, ideas, philosophies and so forth. Mass media are particularly effective to spread current information having news values.

Interpretation is the function of mass media that provides a context for new information and commentary about its significance and meaning. Traditionally, newspapers provided such interpretation in their editorial and commentary sections.  Reporting was said to be objective; that is, free from comment and interpretation. The idea was that reporters would offer factual information untainted by commentary, and readers would decide for themselves the significance and meaning of that information. Such a quest for objectivity is vast amount of television reporting seems to have blended the news-reporting and commentary functions. 

SocializationƒThe media also have a role in socialization, the transmission of values within a society, particularly the modeling of appropriate behavior and attitudes. This in turn helps create a stable society with common social values. In its simplest form, the socialization role of the media gives people a common discussion topic. Television and film have the greatest potential for socialization because they seem to be the most realistic. They can be quite influential, particularly on young people; and images or role models of social behavior as well as fashion, grooming styles, and other aspects of social interaction can be presented through television and film. 

Entertainment: .  Entertainment is the most common function of mass communication, sometimes called the diversion function because it diverts us from the real world. Entertainment always has been part of society.   Through  sound recordings, film, radio and television, entertainers have been able to attract audiences  around the globe. Painters, sculptors and poets reach mass audiences through books and magazines.

The entertainment function of the media has been subdivided into three categories: stimulation, relaxation, and release express anger, hostility or fear. When used for entertainment, the mass media publicize such programs as are pleasurable to the consumers or at least they provide the audience with some sort of escape of diversion from anxieties of daily life. For example, Newspapers for this purpose may include comics, crossword puzzles and the like. Televisions may show situation comedies, drama, variety shows, etc. Radio entertainment primarily consists of music, talk shows, etc

Persuading: Persuasion is another function of mass media. Because of its having persuasive potential, both electronic and print media are used for advertising products, services, business, charities, or for political campaign.

THE MASS COMMUNICATION-Mass Media Classifications 

Communication scholars have approached media studies from several different perspectives, each focusing on a different aspect of the media. This variety is helpful to gain a fuller understanding of mass media. Canadian theorist Marshall McLuhan identified hot media and cool media on the basis of how much they engage the user and the intensity of a user’s connection with the medium. This distinction also deals with the duration of the relationship between the audience and the medium, and the level of audience participation needed to access information. 

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Hot media require a high degree of thinking from media users, who have to fill in missing information from their own imagination. Examples of hot media are books and to a lesser extent magazines and newspapers. Among electronic media, radio is a hot medium when it engages  listeners’ imaginations, such as in radio drama. 

ƒCool media allow audiences to be passive spectators because others have made the creative decisions. Television requires little intellectual involvement; radio played simply for background music also is cool. McLuhan saw movies seen in movie theaters as hotter than television because movies have huge screens and darkened screens that serve to engage the audience. But movies seen on home VCRs lack the heat of theatrical presentations. Likewise, while live theater is quite hot, a video-recording of concert falls into the cool category. Another way of categorizing media is through their intended use. Entertainment media such as books, magazines and television dramas are significantly different than information media such as newspapers and television news programs. They appeal to different audiences and serve different functions. 

Still another categorization of media is in the elitist-populist model. 

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Elitist media are those that serve to uplift society and contribute to culture. Examples are serious-minded magazines, television programs focusing on art or history, recordings of classical music or contemporary jazz. 

Populist media are those that satisfy the baser expectations of the marketplace. Sensationalistic tabloid newspapers, reality television shows and music videos are examples of this. Pornography is the ultimate example of populist media.

Different form of Mass communication Media:

Media which are used for sending messages to a huge number of audiences at home and abroad are known as mass media. These media are so large in number that it will not be an exaggeration to comment that we are a media society. But we will notice here some important media only:

Print Media: Print media are most suitably applied to the literate section of our human society. These media usually carry the message of commercial, economic or political interest to the readers or consumers at home and abroad. The print media may be of different forms such as dailies. Weeklies, periodicals, leaflets, etc.

Audio Media: Radio is the best audio medium. Through these medium advertisements, government messages, circulars, etc. are widely spread for public consumption. Besides, microphones and record players also act as audio media. When messages are sent through these media, audiences receive them by the ear. So these media are particularly important for illiterate messes.

Audio Visual Media: Messages sent through these media are seen as well as heard simultaneously. A television, one of the audiovisual media, is the most powerful and influential mass medium. Varieties of programs such as documentaries, news, educational shows, adventure series, sports spectaculars, movies, cartoons and so forth, are presented through a television to meet the needs of all viewers. The other media in this group are movies, video cassettes, etc.

Traditional Media: In addition to these above-mentioned modern media, some authors have mentioned a few traditional media for mass communication. Important traditional media are ‘Jattra stage’. Theater stage, drama stage, drumming, etc.

  

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Importance of Body language in drama

A definition of body language

Body language is communication by movement or position, particularly facial expressions, gestures and the relative positions of a speaker and listener. It may be the message being conveyed or it may add layers of meaning to the spoken words, being referred to as non-verbal communication. Age, gender, culture and social situation will all contribute to body language. In real life, reading body language is an important part of understanding the full significance of a conversation.

Why describe body language?

The three main situations describing body language:

• director’s notes - body language is an important part of the armoury that a director can use to help an actor reach the best performance
• an actor may write about the body language they used and why in a self-evaluation
• when analysing a performance, body language will be something that should be mentioned

Different kinds of body language

Position

Position includes several different elements:

• Levels are very important, eg if we wish to show dominance we will probably have the person in authority on a higher level.
• Closeness is also important as there’s usually much greater intensity when the characters are close together.
• Distance shows how intimate characters are with each other.
• Posture is the position of a person's body when standing or sitting, eg a soldier would stand upright but a drunk person would slump.
• How the characters use their space 

Facial expressions

The facial expressions are consider as one of the  important aspect of body language.  Facial expressions describing  in detail and how they enhanced the work.

Stage and screen

Performing in a large theatre auditorium might mean that many of the audience are a long way away. It’s the actors’ job to communicate their role to fit the space effectively. Facial expressions, like body language, may be heightened or exaggerated so that the character’s intentions are clear for all.it’s much closer and intimate. This is reflected in acting style and facial expressions may be more subtle. Even a slight alteration of an actor’s field of vision can indicate a change of thought.

Look at Describing facial expressions to learn more.

Gesture is an important part of the drama medium. It’s usually included with movement and mime. The most significant is usually hand gestures. However, gestures can also amplify a question, such as pointing in a particular direction, can also convey a mood, such as a shrug of the shoulders to convey indifference. A more subtle gesture would be arms out, almost as though you plan to hug someone, but you are using the gesture to embrace a crowd of people as you say, 'Welcome!'  Body language and facial expressions can give away a character’s real intentions to the audience.

Movement

A movements is consider such as rushing in and coming right up to the character onstage, or stamping your foot and exiting hurriedly. These movements could be used by a child character, the first to express happiness and the second to convey annoyance.

Physical mannerisms

A realistic well-rounded character may have a distinct physical mannerism, something that’s unique to them. A nervous habit of scratching your nose, a vain flick of the hair or an exaggerated limp are all possible ideas to build a character’s mannerisms. Think of familiar character types on stage or on screen and the mannerisms or movement that define them. 

source

http://www.esa.co.nz/files/samplepages/SampleSGDr15.pdf

http://shakespearean.org.uk/elizthea1.htmhttp://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/606/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

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