Voice of the streets -Safdar Hashmi

               

Street theatre as one of the most interactive, intimate, and impactful forms of the performing arts. According to  Safdar Hashmi Contemporary Indian street theatre has been drawing in equal measure  from our folk and classical drama as well as from Western drama . It is a twentieth century phenomenon, born of the specific needs of the working people living under capitalist and feudal exploitation.  Street theatre is basically a militant political theatre of protest. Its function is to agitate the people and to mobilize them behind fighting organizations.”   In fact, it has often been used as a medium to draw attention to social and political issues. Known as the oldest left-wing street theatre groups, city-based theatre group Jana Natya Manch (popularly known as Janam) has helped advance the expansion of this form of theatrical production.   The Janam—has put together a number of successful street productions for over 40 years.      Safdar Hashmi was a street drama artist.

Safdar and his team were staging the play as part of their campaign for  Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)-supported candidate in the Ghaziabad municipal elections. THEATRE activist Safdar Hashmi was brutally attacked while performing a street play, Halla Bol, at Jhandapur village in Sahibabad, on the outskirts of Delhi, on January 1, 1989.

 

 

When Safdar Hashmi was killed, he was 34 and had been a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) since the early 1970s. 

 

A bunch of student activists had revived the Delhi unit of the IPTA (Indian People’s Theatre Association) in late 1972. partly for ideological reasons .  

 

During the Emergency they had been totally destroyed. They needed our theatre in their reorganization efforts but they had no funds.”

 

A new kind of theatre was now needed, that a play that was 

(a) inexpensive 

(b) mobile and portable [and] 

(c) effective.” 

 

 

They read dozens of plays but none satisfied them. Janam decided to write its own plays. The first of these was Machine, a short, 13-minute play with a cast of six, acted in a circle with the audience on all sides, first performed on October 15, 1978. 

 

 

The idea of Drama ' Machine' emerged: as

“There is a chemical factory… called Herig-India. The workers there did not have a union. They had two very ordinary demands… They wanted a place where they could park their bicycles and… a canteen where they could get a cup of tea… The management was not willing even to grant these demands… The workers went on strike and the guards opened fire, killing six workers. So this old Communist leader told me about this incident… and he said, ‘Why don’t you write a play about it?’”

 

The initial draft of Machine was written by Safdar and another actor, and was finalized on the floor, where everyone presents contributed. Machine is an abstract play, in a way. 

 

The machine, created very simply by human figures, is the symbolic representation of capitalism. The worker, the capitalist and the security officer are all parts of the machine; they are complementary parts of a system founded upon the exploitation of one by the other; their co-existence, then, is unequal.

 

 

In the meanwhile, in December 1979, Janam’s first election play, Aya Chunao, was performed extensively in Haryana. Seven plays, then, in 14 months, totaling about 500 shows. 

 

The   street theatre activity was an explosion. This occurred in response to the attack on Janam on January 1, 1989, and the death of Safdar Hashmi as a result of this attack the following day.

 

Janam was performing Halla Bol(Raise Your Voice), a play on a recent seven-day industrial strike led by the Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU).

 

After the attack and Safdar’s murder, 

Halla Bol became a rallying cry; it was performed by hundreds of old and new groups in several languages.  Doing the play became, by itself, a means of expressing anger, an emblem of protest, a gesture of resistance; the fact that Halla Bol is also quite a delightful, innovative play was nearly incidental. The attack on Janam and Safdar’s murder provoked nationwide (and international) protest. Street theatre, naturally, was at the very centre of these protests.

 

Thus, when artists decided to observe April 12, Safdar’s birthday, as the National Street Theatre Day.

 

 

 

Safdar was a multifaceted artist and was constantly soaking up new influences and trying out new technologies. He wrote a 

1.     24-part television serial on adult literacy and 

2.     women’s empowerment for the United Nations Children’s Fund; 

3.     he wrote a number of songs and plays for children,

4.     he designed posters for a number of mass organisations; 

5.     he took photographs; 

6.     and he conducted theatre workshops.

 

•  He worked for a while at the West Bengal Information Centre in Delhi, and was instrumental in organising the first Ritwik Ghatak retrospective in the capital.
•  
• He also organised screenings of Cuban films, in particular those of Tomas Alea. 
•  
• He was a major force in rallying artists and intellectuals around larger issues of concern: at the time of the anti-Sikh riots in 1984 and subsequently in defence of secularism; in reviving the legacy of Premchand; in rallying artists and intellectuals in support of the seven-day strike in 1988.

 

 

“Safdar was an extremely broad-minded man, in a political sense. He wanted to open a broad cultural front. He could write poetry and plays, paint, act and sing. 

His idea of a cultural front was not confined to theatre. 

 

He visualized painters, musicians, singers, dancers, writers and critics – all to be drawn into a movement out of common interest. He was a creative genius, endowed with the zeal, energy and determination of a far-sighted organiser and theatre visionary.” •wife about Safdar

 

 

Safdar Hashmi’s birth anniversary—April 12—is also celebrated as National Street Theatre Day. To mark the occasion this year, Janam has been performing their play Andher Nagri all throughout the week in various neighbourhoods in the city. Inspired by writer Bharatendu Harishchandra’s eponymous play (1881), Andher Nagri is about a king who isn’t comfortable with any form of cultural expression and hence directs his nobles to punish the locals.

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படுகளம்

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6PGYO3gz9U

சூழ்ச்சியால் பொன்னர்,சங்கர் கொல்லபட்ட இடம்.மாசி மாதம் மஹாசிவராத்திலிருந்து 7 நாட்கள் விழா நடைபெரும்,7ஆம் நாள் விழா மிகவும் பிரசித்திபெற்றது,கோவிலைச்சுற்றி 25க்கும் மேற்பட்ட நாடகம் நடத்தப்படும்http://wikimapia.org/10120600/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D

துரியோதனன் படுகளம் 

தமிழ்நாட்டின் வடபகுதியில், துரியோதனன் வதத்தை முன்வைத்து கிராமச்சடங்காக நிகழ்த்தப்படும்  நிகழ்வாகும் படுகளம்.

கூத்துப்பட்டறை நிறுவனரும் எழுத்தாளருமான ந.முத்துசாமி எழுதி அரங்கேற்றிய புகழ் பெற்ற நாடகங்களில் ஒன்று படுகளம். ந.முத்துசாமியின் புதல்வரும், அவருடைய நாடக இயக்கத்தில் பங்கேற்றவருமான ஓவியர் மு.நடேஷ், அந்த நாடகத்தை தன்னுடைய இயக்கத்தில் புதிய வடிவில் மார்ச் ஒன்றாம் தேதி மீண்டும் அரங்கேற்றினார்.

தமிழ்நாட்டின் வடபகுதியில், துரியோதனன் வதத்தை முன்வைத்து கிராமச்சடங்காக நிகழ்த்தப்படும் படுகளம் நிகழ்வை மையமாக வைத்து உருவாக்கப்பட்ட நவீன நாடகம் இது. மகாபாரத காலத்துக்கும்,நிகழ்காலத்துக்கும் இடையிலான உரையாடலாக இந்த நாடகத்தைப் பார்க்கலாம். மகாபாரதத்தின் 18-ம் நாள் போராட்டக் களனாக வடிவம் கொண்டு அன்றைய நிகழ்வுகளைப் பின்பற்றிச் செல்லும் நாடகம் இது. திரெளபதியின் துகிலுரிப்பு, கற்புநிலை, பெண்ணுடல், கொண்டாட்டம், சண்டைகளை முன்வைத்து பாத்திரங்களின் உரையாடல்கள் சமகாலத்துக்குக் கொண்டுவருகின்றன. கூத்திசைத்தும், ஆடியும், ஓடியும் நாடகத்தைப் பல தளங்களுக்கு நகர்த்தினார்கள் நடிகர்கள். நடிகர்களும் சாதாரண உடையமைப்புடன் கடந்த காலத்தைச் சமகாலத்துக்கு இழுத்து வரும் முனைப்பு கொண்டிருந்தனர்.http://tamil.thehindu.com/general/literature/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/article6971673.ece

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GENDER AND LANGUAGE

Gender: a social construct (within the fields of cultural and gender studies, and the social sciences.General usage of the term gender began in the late 1960s and 1970s, increasingly appearing in the professional literature of the social sciences. The term helps in distinguishing those aspects of life that were more easily attributed or understood to be of social rather than biological origin (see e.g., Unger & Crawford, 1992).

Some of theorists and researchers though have find that some of significant difference between men and women speak. 

Content

On average men and women discuss different range of topics.Certain topics were common to both gender. Female friends spent much time discussing personal and domestic subjects, relationship problems, family health and weight food and clothing, men and other women. Women were more likely to gossip about close friends and family. By contrast men spent more time  gossiping about sports figures and media personalities. 

Reason for communicating    

Men discussions involve greater amount of joking and good natured teasing. By contrast women's conversations focus more frequently on feelings, relationships and personal problems.      Women use conversation  to pursue social needs. Female speech typically contain statements showing support  for the other person, demonstrations of equality and efforts to keep the conversation going.

Conversational style

Women ask more questions. Women's speech that is less powerful and more emotional than men. Women's talk was judged more aesthetic where as men's talk was seen as more dynamic, aggressive, and strong.                                                      

 According to Lakoff, women’s talk has the following properties: 1) A large set of words specific to their interests: e.g. colour words like magenta, shirr, dart (in sewing), etc. 2) “Empty” adjectives such as divine, precious, lovely, cute, etc. 3) Tag questions and rising intonation in statement contexts: What’s your name dear? Mary Smith? 4) Use of hedges 5) Use of intensive “so” 6) Hyper correct grammar: women are not supposed to talk rough 7) Super-politeness 8) Ask more questions  .  Women speak a language of connection and intimacy.  Men speak a language of status and independence

Boys: 

• Tend to play in large groups that are hierarchically structured • Their group has a leader • 

Status is negotiated via orders, or telling jokes/stories 

• Games have winners and losers 

• Boast about skills, size, ability 

Girls:

 • Tend to play in small groups or in pairs • 

The center of a girl’s social life is a best friend • Within the group, intimacy is the key • Differentiation is measured not by status, but by relative closeness • Many of their activities do not have winners and losers (e.g. in hopscotch or jump rope, everyone gets a turn). • Girls are not expected to boast (in fact they are encouraged to be humble), or give orders (they would be bossy) Girls do not focus on status in an obvious way. They just want to be liked.

Myth: Women talk more than men

However:  Research found that men talk more often (Eakins and Eakins): men’s turns 10.66 secs, women’s 3-10 secs at faculty meetings  At academic confernces (Swacker): women 40.7% of the presentations, 40% of audience. But only 27.2% asked questions. There seems to be an asymmetry between private and public speaking—Tannen’s rapport versus report talk                                              

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Sample questions for media Law

Who acted as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly?
A.B R Ambedkar
B.C Rajagopalachari
C.Rajendra Prasad
D.Jawaharlal Nehru

Who of the following acted as the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly?
A.VP Menon
B.Dr Rajendra Prasad
C.BN Rao
D.Dr Sachhidanand Sinha

·         The Objectives Resolution, which outlined the philosophy of the India Constitution, was moved in the Constituent Assembly by
A.Dr S Radhkrishanan
B.Dr Rajendra Prasad
C.Jawaharlal Nehru
D.B R Ambedkar

Constitution of India was adopted by constituent assembly on ?

§  25 October, 1948

§  25 October, 1949

§  26 November, 1948

§  26 November, 1949

Constitution of India came into effect from ?

A.    15 January, 1950

B.    26 January, 1950

C.     15 August, 1950

D.    15 January, 1950

o     View Answer

o     COMMENT ON THIS QUESTION

Who drafted the Indian Constitution?

Ans. – The Indian constitution was drafted by the Drafting Committee of the ‘Constituent Assembly.

 

Who was the chairman of the Constituent Assembly? Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee?

Ans. – Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of Constituent Assembly. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of Drafting Committee.

 

-When was the Constitution adopted?

Ans. – The constitution was adopted on 26th November 1949.

 

When did the Constitution come into force?

Ans. – The constitution came into force on 26th January 1950.

 

According to the Preamble India is what kind of state?

Ans. – According to the original preamble India is a Sovereign, Democratic Republic. By 42nd amendment of the constitution India is made also a Socialist and Secular state.

 

-What are the political ideals, according to the Preamble India seeks to secure?

Ans. – India seeks to secure to her people:

Justice: Social Economic and Political.

Liberty: of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship

Equality: of status and opportunity, and Fraternity, assuring the dignity of the individual and unity of the nation.

 

How many Arts, are there in the Indian Constitution?

Ans. – The original constitution had 395 Arts and 7 schedules. Now after the 80th amendment of the constitution there are 405 Arts and 10 schedules in the constitution.

 

-What is meant by “Secular and Socialist” as described in the Preamble?

Ans. – The preamble describes India to be a secular state. It means that there is no established religion in India and that state does not give any preference to any religion in India.

The 42nd amendment of the Indian constitution makes India a socialist state. It means that the state shall abolish private ownership of the means of production and distribution. This however has not yet been achieved. On the other hand the state now encourages private ownership.

Bring out the significance of the terms “Sovereign, Democratic Republic” as mentioned in the Preamble.

Ans. – India is a sovereign state. It means the state in India is the supreme authority over all men and all associations within the country and is absolutely free from any outside control.

India is democratic. It means that in India all governments are formed on the basis of popular support.

India is republic. It means all offices of the state from the highest to the lowest are held on the basis of merit and no office of the state is held on the basis of hereditary right.

How many states and union territories are there in the Indian Union?

Ans. – There are 25 states and 7 union territories in the Indian Union.

 

What is the importance of Arts 370 of the Constitution?

Ans. – This Art gives the state of Jammu & Kashmir a separate constitutional status. Laws passed by the Indian Parliament apply to Jammu & Kashmir if they are accepted by the J. K. legislature.

 

Is the preamble to the Constitution justiciable in character?

Ans. – No. The preamble is not justiciable.

What is the necessity of the Preamble?

Ans. – The preamble is like an introduction to the constitution. The courts use the preamble to clarify: the meaning of the Law whenever there is an ambiguity.

 

Does the Indian Constitution recognize the principle of dual citizenship?

Ans. – Though India is a federation, the principle of dual citizenship has not been accepted in the constitution. All Indian’s are accepted as the citizens of India. There is no citizenship of the states.

 

 

– How many categories of fundamental rights of citizens has been recognized by the Indian Constitution?

Ans. – Originally the constitution conferred on the Indian citizens seven fundamental rights. They are (a) right to equality (b) right to freedom (c) right against exploitation (d) right to religious freedom. (e) right to education and culture (f) right to property and (g) right to constitutional remedies:. At present there are six fundamental rights. Right to private property has been removed from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th amendment of the constitution.

 

What is meant by equality in the eye of law?

Ans. – Equality in the eye of law as provided by Art. 14 of the constitution mean that nobody is above the law. Law applies to all persons equally.

 

What are the freedoms granted to citizens by Art 19 of the Constitution?

Ans. – Art 19 of the constitution grants six freedoms to the citizens They are right to freedom of (I) expression, (2) to assemble peaceably and without arms (3) to form association, (4) to move freely in India, (5) to five anywhere in India and (6) to adopt any profession or business.

 “India is a Secular State”. What does it mean?

Ans. – Indian secularism means that the state does not have any established religion, that people are free to practice and profess any religion and that the state does not show any preference to any religion.

 

What Arts of the Constitutions confer right to freedom of religion?

Ans. – Arts 25 to 28 confer right to freedom of religion on the citizens.

 

Is possession of private property a Fundamental Right?

Ans. – Private property was a fundamental right before the passing of 44th amendment of the constitution. Now the possession of private property is an ordinary legal right and not a fundamental right.

 

-Do the members of the armed forces enjoy the Fundamental Rights given by the Constitution?

Ans. – The parliament may restrict the fundamental rights by passing laws. Beyond such restrictions the members of the Armed Forces enjoy their fundamental rights.

 

 

-What are principal duties of the Indian Citizens?

Ans. – Obeying the constitution, showing respect to the national flag and the national anthem, defending India’s sovereignty, integrity, and unity protecting national properties and upholding Indias glorious mixed culture and also showing respect to woman are the principal duties of the Indian citizens.

 

-When were the duties of the citizens added to the Constitution?

Ans. – Ten duties of the Indian citizens have been added to the constitution by the 42nd amendment to the constitution.

 

In what chapter of the Constitution and in what Arts are the Directive principles of the Constitution given?

Ans. – In chapter IV Arts 35-51 the directive principle of the constitution are given.

 

-What is the principal difference between the directive principles and the fundamental rights?

Ans. – The fundamental rights are justiciable while the directive principals are non-justiciable i.e. the fundamental rights are enforced by the courts while the directives are not enforced by the courts.

 

-Name four important directives given in the Indian Constitution?

Ans. – (1) The states should provide help in cases of old age, unemployment and disability. (2) State should strive to reduce in­equality between individuals, groups and professions (3) State should promote and foster rural cottage industries. (4) The state should provide compulsory free primary education to children below 14 years if age.

 

– Name two directives based on the ideal of socialism?

Ans. – (A) The state should prevent concentration of the ownership of the means of production in the hands of the few (Art. 39c).

(B) The state should provide help and assistance in case of unemployment and disability.

 

-What directive is based on a Gandhian ideal?

Ans. -Art 45 of the constitution directs the state to promote and foster Panchayeti Raj in India.

 

-What are the value and importance of the directive principles?

Ans. – The directive principles though non-justiciable are not worthless. Sir B.N. Rao contends that the directives are moral precepts. K.M. Panikkar holds that the directives promise India to achieve economic socialism or economic democracy.

 

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Indian Constitution And Media Law (Objective Question)

Q: - 1 India is a

(a) Communist country

(b) Capitalist country

(c) Secular country

(d) None of the above

Q: - 2 Who is the father of constitution?

(a) Dr Rajendra Prasad

(b) Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru

(c) Bal Ganga Dhar tilak

(d) Baba Saheb Bheem Rao Ambedker

Q: - 3 Indian constitution was inacted on

(a) 15 August 1947

(b) 26 August 1947

(c) 26 January 1950

(d) None of the above

Q: - 4 According to constitution India is

(a) Monopolistic State

(b) Welfare State

(c) Capitalist State

(d) None of the above

Q: - 5 India is a

(a) Communist Union

(b) Socialist Union

(c) Socialist Republic

(d) All of these

Q: - 6 India is a

(a) Presidential form of Govt.

(b) Parliamentary form of Govt.

(c) Executive form of Govt.

(d) All the above

Q: - 7 Who is the first citizen of India?

(a) Prime Minister

(b) Chief Justice of India

(c) Chief Election commissioner

(d) None

Q: - 8 Who is the supreme custodian of Justice?

(a) President of India

(b) Chief Justice of India

(c) Supreme court of India

(d) High courts

Q: - 9 Fundamental Rights are

(a) Seven

(b) Six2

Q: - 10 Right to life is

(a) Fundamental Right

(b) Human Rights

(c) Directive Policies

(d) None

Q: - 11 Fundamental Rights are freezed during

(a) War

(b) Elections

(c) All type of emergencies

(d) Never

Q: - 12 Judiciary is the

(a) Part of Govt.

(b) Part of parliament

(c) Part of Executive

(d) Independent body

Q: - 13 Which Article in constitution is specially for Independence of Press

(a) Article 13

(b) Article 15

(c) Article 17

(d) No separate Article

Q: - 14 Freedom of Press is given under

(a) Article 17

(b) Article 19

(c) Article 19-A

(d) None

Q: - 15 Press council of India is specially for

(a) Media

(b) Printing Industry

(c) Advertising Agency

(d) None

Q: - 16 Press council of was established in

(a) 1955

(b) 1960

(c) 1966

(d) 1980

Q: - 17 Press council of India consists of

(a) 18 members

(b) 20 members

(c) 25 members

(d) 28 members

Q: - 18 Who may be the chairman of the Press council of India?

(a) Any Minister

(b) Any eminent person

(c) Advocate General3

Q: - 19 Media is called

(a) 2 nd Pillar of democracy

(b) 3 rd Pillar of democracy

(c) 4 th Pillar of democracy

(d) None

Q: - 20 Separation of the Judiciary from the Executive has been provided in which of the following parts of the Indian Constitution?

(a) The Preamble

(b) The Fundamental Rights

(c) The Directive Principles of State Policy

(d) The Seventh Schedule 4

Q1. Indian constitution is secular and democratic by nature. Discuss

Q2. Define and Describe different types of constitution in brief.

Q3. Is Indian constitution written or unwritten? What do you understand by unwritten constitution?

Q4. Fundamental Rights are the democratic expression.

Q5. Define and describe fundamental rights given by Indian constitution.

Q6. How many Directive policies are given by Indian constitution .What is its

importance?

Q7. What do you understand by Fundamental Duties? What is its importance?

Q8. How many Fundamental Duties are described by the constitution?

Q9. Rights without duties are harmful for society rather than fruitful. How?

Q10. Freedom of press has been given by the constitution under which Article ?

Q11. No separate provision for freedom of press has been described in the constitution. Why?

Q12. What is the status of Fundamental Rights during emergencies and why?

Q13. What do you understand by freedom of expression What is its importance ?

Q14. Describe about Regulatory measures taken to control and balance media?

Q15. What is press council of India? Describe its structure?

Q16. When and how press council of India was established?

Q17. What is the role and function of press council of India. Discuss in brief.

Q18. Describe in brief about different media Regulatory bodies and their function

Q19. Media is called fourth pillar of democracy. What is its role and importance in strengthening democracy?

Q20. What do you understand by media ethics? Why they are important?

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The Nature and power of Language

Language Defined: : A set of symbols that expresses ideas and allows people to think and communicate with each other. 

Language is symbolic

The words like virtually all language are symbols.Symbols are more than  just labels. They are the way experience the word. The naming process operates in virtually every situation. We are ususally react to a stranger will depend on the symbols we can to categorize them as christian, jew, Hindu or Islam and so on.
• Symbol - something that is intended to stand for something else other than itself. – e.g. Words. The relationship between words and their meanings is (mostly) arbitrary. –

Language  is Rule governed

 Languages contain several types of rules
Phonological Rules: govern how words sound when pronounced.
Syntactic (sɪnˈtaktɪk) Rule: govern the structure of language the way symbols can be arranged
Semantic (sɪˈmæn.tɪk/)Rules: deal with the meaning of specific words.Without semantic rules communication would be impossible, because each of us would use symbols in unique ways unintelligible to one another.
Pragmatic Rule: govern how people use language in everyday interaction.


Power of Language : 
Language shape attitudes,

• Naming: Names are one way to shape and reinforce a child 's personal identity. Name choice cal also be a powerful way to make a statement about cultural identity.


• Credibility:An apparently legitimate speaker who utters an unintelligible message will be judged competent by an audience .
• status: Several factors combine  to create  positive or negative impressions they are accent, choice of words, speech rate and even the age of a speaker. In most of cases speaker of standard dialect are rated as higher than non standard speaker in variety of ways.
• Racism: The power of language to shape attitudes goes beyond individual cases and influences how we perceive entire groups of people.

Language reflect attitude: 
Language reflects our attitudes feeling of control, attraction, commitment, responsibility. All these are reflected in the way we use language.

• Power: Powerful speeches gets the desired results in mainstream.Powerful language always enhance friendly relationship, sharing power with others
• Affiliation:Language can also be a way of building and demonstrating solidarity with others.
• Attraction and Interest:The language they can use suggest their  degree of interest and attraction towards a person, object or idea.
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• Trouble some Language :Slang and Jargon

1. Slang is a language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co culture or other group. Slang consists of regionalisms terms that are understood by people who live in one geographic area but that are incomprehensible to outsiders.  dog of china.Slang can be age related also

1. Jargon: The specialised vocabulary that functions as a kind of shorthand for people with common backgrounds and experience.Jargon can be a valuable kind of shorthand for people who understand its use. 

• Source: Understanding Human Communication, Tenth Indian Edition, Ronald B Adler, George Rodman, page no 72-78

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