What is Decision Making?

Decision-making involves choosing between possible solutions to a problem. Decisions can be made through either an intuitive or reasoned process, or a combination of the two.

Intuition

Intuition is actually a combination of past experience and your personal values. It is worth taking your intuition into account, because it reflects your learning about life. It is not always based on reality, only our perceptions.

Reasoning

Reasoning is using the facts and figures in front of us to make decisions.  It can, ignore emotional aspects to the decision.  Intuition is a perfectly acceptable means of making a decision, although it is generally more appropriate when the decision is of a simple nature or needs to be made quickly.

Applying Both Reason and Intuition

More complicated decisions tend to require a more formal, structured approach, usually involving both intuition and reasoning. It is important to be wary of impulsive reactions to a situation

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Five Different Types of Decision Making Skills:

1. Intuitive

Intuitive is one of the simplest, and arguably one of the most common ways to make a decision. It should be noted that it is not always the best way. Intuitive decision making involves relying on the decision that feels right, without necessarily thinking about the logic that goes into that choice.

2. Rational

Rational decision making is the act of using logic to determine what is best, by reviewing all possible options and then evaluating each option using logic and rationality.

3. Satisficing

Satisficing is accepting the one that is satisfactory for the needs. It means you may miss out on better options.

4. Collaborative

Collaborative is an another method rather than make a decision ourself, we collaborate in some way to make the decision. An example might include meeting with others to get their input, voting on the final decision

5. Combination

using a combination of all these different types of decision making styles.

 

What Can Prevent Effective Decision-Making?

There are a number of problems that can prevent effective decision-making. These include:

1. Not Enough Information

2. Too Much Information

3. Too Many People

4. Vested Interests

5. Emotional Attachments

6. No Emotional Attachment

A structured decision-making process. This will help to:

https://www.everydayinterviewtips.com/5-types-of-decision-making-skills-you-need-to-know/

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Goal Setting

My  goals are:---------------------------

Some of My Goals Are:

• An Immediate Goal (something small, simple, easy, I can do in the next 24 hours)

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• Short Term Goals (things I can do over the next few days and weeks)

• Medium Term Goal(s) (things I can do over the next few weeks and months)

• Long Term Goal(s) (things I can do over the next few months and years)

Is your goal specific?

A specific goal should clearly state what you want to accomplish, why it is an important goal, and how you intend to accomplish the goal.

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Is your goal measurable?

 A measurable goal should include a plan with targets and milestones that you can use to make sure you’re moving in the right direction.

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 Is your goal attainable?

 An attainable goal should be realistic and include a plan that breaks your overall goal down into smaller, manageable action steps that use the time and resources available to you within the timeline you’ve set.

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 Is your goal relevant? A relevant

 goal should make sense when measure

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Do the excercise in your Life Skill record note and submit before Oct 22, 2018.

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Managing Emotions

Today I feel _____________________________________________________

· because: ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

 I am excited about:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

I am concerned about:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

I am hopeful for:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

I am thankful for:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

 I am proud of:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

My goals are:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

Interesting things about today:· __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________

What is the best joke you have ever heard? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

List several funny movies:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

List several funny books, stories, or comics:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

 List funny cartoons:· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

I can handle it by: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________  

Explain a time when something funny happened that you did not expect.· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

What makes you laugh?· __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  

1. What problem are you facing in life? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

2. What is the major challenge to your problem? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

3. What are some creative ways in which you could overcome these challenges? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

4. What must you do to beat the problem? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

5. What do you plan to do about your problem now? __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

Submit before Oct 22, 2018

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THE LAYOUT OF THE DISSERTATION OR THESIS

In form, the thesis is a lengthy experimental, design, or theoretical report, with a problem-method-results-discussion structure.
Front Matter          

• Title page. Our department’s standard title page form have  required to follow. The title should be informative, contain keywords, and reveal the topic of the thesis. Include the title, author, thesis supervisor, place, and date.

• Abstract. Briefly state the (1) research problem, (2) methodology, (3) key results, and (4) conclusion. Generally, abstracts are between 100 and 150 words--roughly 5-10 sentences.

In the thesis body, you provide the introduction, narrative, and analysis of your work. The body includes these elements:

• Acknowledgments. Acknowledge assistance from advisors, sponsors, funding agencies, colleagues, technicians, and so on.

• Appendixes. Provide detailed calculations, procedures, data in separate appendixes. Give each appendix a title, a letter (Appendix A, B, C), and an introductory paragraph.

• Bibliography. List alphabetically any works referred to in your study. Follow the bibliographical and footnote formats of your department or of a prominent periodical published by a professional society in your field.

The front matter frames the thesis work. It includes these elements:

Chapter I

Introduction. State (1) the purpose of the investigation, (2) the problem being investigated, (3) the background (context and importance) of the problem (citing previous work by others), (4) your thesis and general approach, and (5) the criteria for your study's success.

Chapter II

The literature review chapter(s) is an important part of your dissertation or thesis and it takes a lot of work and time to complete. It identifies the research that already has been completed in your topic area and provides an analysis of all current information relevant to the topic. Theory. Develop the theoretical basis for your design or experimental work, including any governing equations..

Chapter III- 

The research methodology

The research methodology will explain the methods used to gather the information and data,  to answer the research question  with a clear explanation of the methodology that will be used to solve the problem.  This chapter is regarded as the core of the dissertation because it validate the findings, dooming the study as a whole. This chapter is often scrutinised very critically by other scientists what the methods are all about and how you have executed the methodology. It should be clear why you choose to use this specific methodology for answering your research question

Chapter IV 

Research results and discussions

This is the  final results of the research. Researchers findings results from an experiment or answers to questions. In this part  present the massive volume of data collected in an ordered manner. Arrange the data into tables and figures and arrange it in such a way that the specific groups of data correspond..

Chapter V -

The conclusion

The conclusion must be motivated, and where applicable, based on a sound statistical analysis of the data. If there are different views of the concept it must be clearly stated by means of logical reasoning to indicate why one view is preferred to another. Conclusions and findings must always be clear on which facts and/or published literature the conclusions and findings are based.  Discussion. Discuss the meaning of the results, stating clearly what their significance is. Compare the results with theoretical expectations and account for anything unexpected.

End Matter

The end matter is mainly referential material too detailed to fit well in the main narrative of work done. It includes these elements:

• Acknowledgments. Acknowledge assistance from advisors, sponsors, funding agencies, colleagues, technicians, and so on.
• Appendixes. Provide detailed calculations, procedures, data in separate appendixes. Give each appendix a title, a letter (Appendix A, B, C), and an introductory paragraph.
• Bibliography. List alphabetically any works referred to in your study. Follow the bibliographical and footnote formats of your department or of a prominent periodical published by a professional society in your field

 source

model of research paper

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Steps in the Development of a Research Project/Report

1.     Selection of problem(– Introduction)

2.     Review of existing research and theory

3.     Statement of hypothesis or research question

4.     Determination of appropriate methodology and research design

5.     Data collection, Analysis and interpretation of data

6.     Presentation of results

7.     Replication

1.     DETERMINING TOPIC RELEVANCE

Once a basic research idea has been chosen or assigned, the next step is to ensure that the topic has merit. This is accomplished by answering eight basic questions.

2.     Literature Review

Researchers who conduct studies under the guidelines of scientific research. Before start our own research  first we should consulting with  avail­able literature

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The literature review to be one of the most important steps in the research process. It provide Experienced researchers.

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Before proceed a project or research , research­ers should ask these questions:

·     What type of research has been done in the area?

·   What has been found in previous studies?

·     What suggestions do other researchers make for further study?

·   What has not been investigated?

·     How can the proposed study add to our knowledge of the area?

·     What research methods were used in previous studies?

Answers to these questions will usually help define a specific hypothesis or research question.

3.     STATING A HYPOTHESIS OR RESEARCH QUESTION

After identifying a general research area and reviewing the existing literature, the researcher must state the problem as a workable hypothesis or research question.

hypothesis is a formal statement regard­ing the relationship between variables and is tested directly. The predicted relationship between the variables is either true or false. On the other hand, a research question is a formally stated question intended to provide indications about something; it is not lim­ited to investigating relationships between variables.

 Research questions are appropri­ate when a researcher is unsure about the nature of the problem under investigation. Although the intent is merely to gather pre­liminary data, testable hypotheses are often developed from information gathered during the research question phase of a study.

2.    A child's level of distortion of real­ity is directly related to the amount and types of television programs the child views.

3.    Parental discussions with children about make-believe play before, during, and after a child watches television programs involving make-believe play increase the child's time involved in make-believe play.

The difference between the two sets of statements is that

Research Questions	The Hypotheses
the research questions pose only general areas of investigation	whereas the hypotheses are testable statements about the relationship(s) between the variables.
The only intent in  the research question phase is to gather information to help the researchers	define and test hypotheses in later projects.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The time and effort required for data analy^­sis and interpretation. It  depend on the study's purpose and the methodology used. Analy^­sis and interpretation may take from several days to several months

Every research study must be carefully planned and performed according to specific guidelines. When the analysis is completed, the researcher must step back and consider what has been discovered. The researcher must ask two questions: Are the results in­ternally and externally valid? Are the results accurate? Researchers must determine through analysis whether their work is both inter­nally and externally valid.

External validity refers to how well the re­sults of a study can be generalized across populations, settings, and time (Cook & Campbell, 1979). The external validity of a study can be severely affected by the in­teraction in an analysis of variables such as subject selection, instrumentation, and ex­perimental conditions (Campbell & Stanley, 1963). A study that lacks external validity cannot be projected to other situations; it is valid only for the sample tested

PRESENTING RESULTS

The format used to present results depends on the purpose of the study. Research in­tended for publication in academic journals

Replication

A study provides informa­tion that says, in effect  A research question or hypothesis must be investigated from many different per­spectives before any significance can be at­tributed to the results of one study.

Researchers overwhelmingly advocate the use of replication to establish scientific fact.

Source-Wimmer Domenick

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Importance of Cartoons

Cartoons is a form of expression. Cartoon conveys a lot of information in very few words. Cartoons add special value to newspapers. That is why, despite advances in photography and animation technologies, cartoons still command their own place in newspapers. It is a visual medium that engages the audience, helps them understand and interpret the political, social Cartoons that can help them understand the mood of the country benefit people. Political cartooning is inspired by the situations around the cartoonist, what he sees and believes are portrayed through the sketch he creates.

 Apart from a great sense of humour, a cartoonist is required to understand the political scene and make a commentary on the situation, but to refrain from making it of bad taste.  source 

“Cartoons have ever-lasting impact on the minds of readers. They are such effective communicators that in a few lines, they describe the most important event of the day. 

 S.V. Padmanabha, senior news cartoonist and president of Karnataka Cartoonists Association, says that   “`For me, cartoon is poetry in lines. It packs great meaning in a few lines,” An ideal cartoon should conceal more than it reveals and it should give new meanings every time someone looks at it

Cartoonists 

Cartoonists were creative people with exceptional courage. They comment on politics, corruption and other sensitive issues and twist it to give it a witty look. That calls for integrity and bravery

What is a Political cartoon? 

 Since the 18th century, political cartoons have offered a highly useful window into the past.  He says cartoons in short, are visual strategies to make a point in small spaces. Cartoons are a reflection of society and provide for a point of view to the people reading it. Cartoons are considered as harmless, while in reality they can unleash a revolution, be it from a positive perspective like in the case of R.K.Laxman‘s Common man or in a very negative way in case of the Jyllands Posten cartoon of Prophet Muhammed.

The history of political cartoon‘s is older than the history of newspapers themselves.
 Political cartoons are for the most part composed of two elements: caricature, which parodies the individual, and allusion, which creates the situation or context into which the individual is placed. 

Famous caricatures 

Most famous caricatures around the world have been of politicians. Others may also be featured in the section but these celebrities are quoted with a political context. Few of the more famous political caricatures are of 

Mrs Indira Gandhi,
 PM Man Mohan Singh 
 Sonia Gandhi 
 AB Vajpayee 

 The most famous of them all, the common man by RKLaxman To quote a few, George Bush and Barrack Obama cartoons are also popular. The popularity of a caricature depends upon the news.

Editorials Versus Cartoons 
It is a popular belief that editorials are inherently biased and take on a perspective of the management of a newspaper organisation, while a cartoon is unbiased. Editorial are considered as an opinion of the intellectuals and elite. It is rarely said so about cartoons. 

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