cell phone photography

Photography is more than just taking a picture. It is an outlet for creativity, vision, and imagination. 

It can give you a sense of purpose, a mode of storytelling, and a different perspective on things. It can even take you to new places and help you meet new people. 

Smartphone photography is different from digital photography using a camera because it is so instant and accessible.

 Smartphone photography is taking pictures with your phone. It could be an iPhone or Android, old or new

Instagram, a photo and video sharing app, has over 95 million photos uploaded to it every day! 

The Basics of Smart Phone Photography

Three Photography Basics 

1. Clean your phone's lens. 

Make sure your camera lenses are clear!  Ensuring they are dust and smudge free will result in a clear picture. You can do this by using a microfiber cloth and/or a lens wipe before taking a photo. 

2. Turn on the Grid. 

One of the easiest and best ways to improve your mobile photos is to turn on the camera's gridlines. According to this theory, if you place points of interest in these intersections or along the lines, your photo will be more balanced, level, and allow viewers to interact with it more naturally.   You can turn on this option in the camera settings. 

3. Set your camera's focus.

Today's phone cameras automatically focus on the foreground of your frame. To adjust where you want your camera lens to focus, open your camera app and tap the screen where you want to sharpen the view. A square or circular icon should then appear on your camera screen, shifting the focus of your shot to all of the content inside that icon.

 4. HDR. 

HDR stands for High Dynamic Range. High dynamic range or HDR, is a camera app feature that helps balance the light and dark elements in a high-contrast photo. It can be used to give photos a more creative, or artsy vibe, but it is commonly used to produce an image that looks similar to how you see it with your eyes.  It is a setting you can turn on or off. When turned on, the camera takes 3 photos at different exposures and combines them into 1 photo. 

This could be used for photographing landscapes, sunlight portraits, and lowlight/backlit scenes. It should be avoided for movement shots, high-contrast scenes, and vivid colors.

SHOT COMPOSITION: 

Rule of Thirds, Rule of Thirds Using the grid breaks up the frame into thirds horizontally or vertically. 

Leading Lines, 

Perspective 

1. 

2. 

Use leading lines.

When we look at a photo, our eyes can wander all around the frame. When there are leading lines, our eyes are drawn to the lines and what they lead to. Leading lines can be found in the city through streets and buildings, and in nature with mountains, reflections, pathways, etc. as seen in the photos below. 

Leading lines are great for creating a sense of depth in an image, and can make your photo look purposefully designed — even if you just happened to come upon a really cool shape by accident.

3. Perspective

 To create a sense of depth, you can use a few techniques: 

Find different perspectives.

Taking photos from a unique, unexpected angle can make them more memorable — it tends to create an illusion of depth or height with the subjects. It also makes the image stand out, since most mobile photos are taken either straight -on or from a bird's eye view.

Try taking a photo directly upward and playing with the sky as negative space, like in the first photo below. Or, you can try taking it at a slight down.

1. • Low angle shot - the camera is placed lower to the ground than the subject, and you are shooting up at it. 
2. • High angle shot - the subject looks smaller because you are shooting above it, looking down. 
3. • Lateral movement - you move to the left or right of a subject to get a better angle. 

1. • First-person point of view - as if you were peeking out of the tree. Those few leaves would be blurry, and your landscape would be in focus. 

• Zoom – This refers to making a subject looker closer or farther away in an image. 
• Optical zoom involves the use of a lens that physically extends from the camera to magnify a subject, achieving the same effect as if you moved closer. There is no loss of quality using this. 

 For Android phones, check with your particular model.

 • Digital zoom increases the size of the image, cropping the edges. This results in a poor image quality. If the zoom-in is small, the image quality may not really be affected. It is when a subject is far away and the more you zoom in, the more image quality drops. 

 Golden Hour – Use natural light.

It's hard to find a great smartphone photo that was taken with a flash. Most of the time, they make a photo look overexposed, negatively altering colors and making human subjects look washed out.

Take advantage of the sources of natural light you can find, even after dark. This gives you a chance to play with shadows, like in the second image below, or create a silhouette with other ambient sources of light, like traffic and surrounding buildings.  Considered a great time to shoot photos, golden hour is the first hour of light after sunrise, and the last hour of light before sunset. The natural light is softer and redder, and there are no sharp shadows as there would be with overhead sunlight. 

This light is popular for selfies and silhouette photos. 

 

Focus on one subject.

Many of the best photos include just one, interesting subject. So when taking a picture of one, spend some extra time setting up the shot. Some professional photographers say that the subject shouldn't fill the entire frame, and that two-thirds of the photo should be negative space — that helps the subject stand out even more.

But be sure you tap the screen of your smartphone to focus the camera on your subject — that'll help to ensure that it's focused and the lighting is oMacro Photography – This is extreme, close up photography. It is great for photographing the details of nature (bugs, plants, small animals), and capturing the texture of larger objects. You can buy separate lenses for your phone for this, or you can just get really close (a few inches away) and focus on your subject. 

Hold your phone still.

While smartphones have given us the benefit of taking photos on the go, the cameras on our phones are still sensitive to movement. To help avoid blurry or warped photos, steady your camera first.

You can lean on a friend or wall to prevent your arms or hands from wobbling, or prop your phone up using books or similar objects to steady your phone

 Photo editing apps let you shoot, edit, organize, and share your photos. There are hundreds out there.

There are websites where you can post your pictures online for yourself or to share. You can make albums, send out links, and store photos all on a photo hosting site. 

Jamie Spencer at Make a Website Hub reviewed 13 free image hosting sites5 if you want to share a photo or gallery with friends, family, the Internet, etc. 

Accessories – If you want to spend the money, you can purchase extras to enhance your photography experience. Some things include a tripod to keep the camera steady, lenses that clip onto the phone for better zoom shots, 

a remote shutter control that lets you take a picture when you are standing away from the phone, microfiber cloths to keep your lens clean, and LED lights for better lighting. 

Consider buying a mobile tripod.

Although mobile devices make it easy to snap any photo on the go, there's never been an easy way to ensure the shot stays level and balanced when you shoot — especially if you want to be in the picture and not just take a typical selfie with your extended arm.

Embrace negative space.

"Negative space" simply refers to the areas around and between the subjects of an image — and it can take a photo from "good" to "great."

When you include a lot of empty space in a photo, your subject will stand out more and evoke a stronger reaction from your viewer. And w

Activity • 

• Focus on something using the exposure settings to adjust how much light is allowed in. 
•  Play with the zoom feature! Walk up to something and take a picture. Then walk away and zoom in and take another picture of the same thing. 
• Compare the two for image quality. 
•  Best Photo Apps of 2020. Pixpa. https://www.pixpa.com/blog/photo-apps 5 Spencer, J. (n.d . Best Free Image Hosting Sites Guide For 2020. 
• Make a Website Hub. https://makeawebsitehub.com/free-photo-hosting/ 
• Get up close and personal with a macro shot! Photography is an art that is learned. Get some inspiration by using a Google image search, look up photography styles, or search for the concepts learned in this program and look to the images. 
• Get to know your phone camera and the built-in photo editor! You will learn what your phone is capable of and will understand how external editing apps may help. 
• Start your journey at home! Move things around and set up your shot to practice the concepts we covered. 

https://lacountylibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/DIY-Library-Program-Phone-Photography.pdf

https://agrilife.org/bell4h/files/2017/01/1-Photography-101-Updated-Jan-2017.pdf

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Lighting Techniques -Aspects of Portrait Photography

 

There are many aspects of portrait photography that will help

 set the mood and allow dramatic

1) Split Lighting

2) Rembrandt Lighting

3) Butterfly Lighting

4) Loop Lighting

5) Flat Lighting

1) Split Lighting

With split lighting, the face is basically split  in half with one side shadowed and the other side with light. Split lighting offers a dramatic effect to an image.

To achieve the split lighting effect, place your light source (studio light, window light, sunlight etc) 90 degrees to the left or right of the subject.

 The line separating light and shadow will be down the middle of the nose and chin. 

2) Loop Lighting 

Loop lighting is one of the most flattering lighting effects for any subject. Loop lighting is created when a small shadow of light (slightly loop  shaped) is formed on the side/slightly under the subjects  nose. The shadow does not appear directly under the nose, but slightly on the side, reaching in toward the side of the face. It can be small and subtle or can stretch all the way down to the corner of the mouth. Below is one example of loop lighting: 

To create loop lighting, the main light is positioned 30-45 degrees from the camera around the subject's side. The light source should be higher than eye level and pointing down toward the subject's face in the direction they are facing. 

An additional light source (fill light) or reflector can also be aimed at the darker side of the face to ease the shadows. Be sure to not place your reflectors down low angle up. This will result in an unflattering effect. 

3) Rembrandt Lighting

Rembrandt lighting is achieved by creating a triangle of light on the cheek. Rembrandt lighting is more dramatic (similar to split lighting) and creates a moody, darker feel to the portrait. The more shadow we add to our subject and the more we turn our light away from flat lighting, the more dramatic our lighting becomes! Below is an example of Rembrandt lighting: 

To create Rembrandt, lighting, the subject should be turned slightly away from the light. The light should be above the top of the head. Move your main light around the subject until the shadow of the nose is touching the shadow of the face. This should leave on side of the face in shadow but keeps a triangle of light on the cheekbone and eye. 

4) Butterfly Lighting

Butterfly lighting creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly! Butterfly lighting is also known as Paramount Lighting  named after classic Hollywood glamour style photography.

Below is an example of butterfly lighting: 

To achieve butterfly lighting, place the main light source directly behind the camera and slightly above the subject's head. The photographer will be shooting underneath the light source. You may need to place a reflector directly under the subject's chin (or the subject can hold it under his/her chin if necessary). This light pattern is a little more difficult to create using window light or a reflector alone. A harder source of light like the sun or a flash is usually needed to achieve this look. Butterfly lighting will create shadows under the cheeks and chin. Butterfly lighting isgreat for older subjects because it tends to minimize wrinkles! 

5) Flat Lighting

Flat lighting is the least dramatic of all the lighting patterns because it casts the least amount of shadows on the subject's face. Flat lighting is used mainly for headshots and glamour editorial  type shots because it minimizes the amount of wrinkles and imperfections. Below is an example of flat lighting: 

To achieve flat lighting, place your main light in front of the subject in the same direction where you will be shooting.

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The Different Parts of the Camera

 Press this button to release the shutter. 

The shutter button press has two stages: 

Half-pressing the button activates the AF function,

 while pressing it down fully releases the shutter.

This is the section that connects the interchangeable lens to the camera body. To attach the lens, you line up the lens mount index  on the lens with the corresponding one on the lens mount and turn the lens clockwise until you hear a click.

Lens Mount Index

Align the mark on the lens with this mark when you are attaching or detaching a lens.

Red index: For EF lenses (Can be used on both Canon full-frame and APS-C DSLRs)
White index: For EF-S lenses (Can be used on Canon APS-C DSLRs)

Press this button when you want to detach the lens. The lens lock pin retracts when the button is pressed, enabling you to turn the lens freely. Before shooting, lock the lens into place by turning it until you hear a click.

The mirror is unique to DSLR cameras. It reflects light from the lens into the viewfinder, which lets the photographer see the shot through the viewfinder in real time. The mirror flips up immediately right before shutter release 

Viewfinder Display

Indicates the position of the focus during AF (autofocus) shooting. The selected AF point will be highlighted in red. You can choose to select an AF point automatically or manually.

Indicates the time interval during which the shutter is open. The shutter speed value is denoted in the "1/parameter" format. However, only the parameter value is shown in the viewfinder. Increasing the parameter value shortens the time interval the shutter remains open. Shutter speeds slower than 1/4 second are indicated as, for example, 0''3, 0''4, 0''5, 0''6, 0''8, 1'', or 1''3. In this case, 1"3 means 1.3 seconds.

Aperture Value

This value indicates the extent to which the aperture blades inside the lens are open. A smaller value means the aperture is more widely open, which allows more light to be captured. The selectable aperture value range varies according

 to the lens in use.

ISO Speed

The ISO speed setting varies constantly when the Auto setting is selected. A higher ISO speed makes it easier to capture shots of a dimly-lit scene.

ISO Speed Setting Button

Press this button to adjust the sensitivity of the camera toward light. ISO speed is an international standard that is determined based on the sensitivity of negative films.

Quick Control Button

Pressing this button displays the Quick Control screen (further explained in the section "Settings on the Quick Control Screen"), which allows you to confirm various camera settings at one glance and adjust them.

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WRITING A NEWS STORY

  News is an update on the happening around us. As the terms suggests News is any newpiece of information. It can be the details on a current event, on going projects or it can be on future projects. 

A newspaper publishes the back ground information, analyses and criticizes the details to interpret it for the society. There is something called “news worthiness”. There are several factors that decide the news worthiness of news. 

They are 

1. RELEVANCE How important is the news for the audience is an important question. An event of Canada might be irrelevant news for an Indian who would prefer a more local news. The news should be of a current issue. 

2. TIMELINESS : Recent event or upcoming events are likely to be news. 

3. IMPORTANCE, IMPACT OR CONSEQUENCE. How important is the news to the reader. Issues of social concern come under this category.

 4. PROMINENCE : The news of public figures are likely to be of interest than non-public figures. 

5. PREDICTABILITY : Certain events like elections, major sporting events, award announcements, legal decisions etc are predictable.

 6. UNEXPECTEDNESS : Events like natural disasters, accidents or crimes are completely unpredictable. 

7. CONTINUITY : Some events like wars, elections, protests and strikes require continuing coverage. These events are likely to remain news for along time. 

8. HUMAN INTEREST STORIES: Editors should know the response of the audience. The editor should select high interest stories to balance out other hard hitting investigating stories. 

9.` NEGATIVITY : The news should make an impact on the reader. So there is a normal trend of publishing negative news. 

10. THE UNUSUAL : Strange and unusual stories are likely to receive reader’s interest. Readers expect their newspapers to be accurate sources of information. A straight news story is supposed to be objective and fair. The news story has a structure. It has an inverted pyramid structure. The news story has a particular writing style. The summary of the news is the introductory paragraph. The details are given in the body of the news and the story is concluded with minor details. Every news story has a Headline. 

HEADLINE. There should be a simple and direct headline that can attract the reader. The head line usually has a logical sentence structure, written in an active voice in the present tense of the verb. 

 The Lead : The lead or opening paragraph is the most important part of a news story. It is the first paragraph of a news story. It gives the reader important details and the summary of the news. There are several ways to write a lead. 

1. The Five W s’ and “H” :- the lead should explain the what, why, when, which, where and how of things. 

2. Specificity : Try to give specific details about the news. 

3. Brevity : Readers should be told why a news is important and in few words as possible. Avoid unintentional redundancy. Go right to the heart of the story. 

4. Active Sentences : Use active sentences to make the lead lively.

 5. Honesty : The lead should be a honest portrayal of the story.

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BOOK REVIEWS

 Newspapers usually have a panel of specialists who write book reviews. The reviewer must have in depth knowledge of the subject and should be able to assess the book in terms of its impact on the reader

The main task of the reviewer is to report of the content, the approach and the scope of the work for the benefit of the readers. The book review should contain a brief description of the book and a short account of the author. The book review should tell the reader whether a book is worth reading and the review should be unbiased. An ideal review should give an overview of the book to the readers and an evaluation based on the readers taste and experience. 

The opening paragraph of the Book review should grab audience attention. The passage can be conversational in tone. 

It can be slightly provocative to compel the reader to read. The body of the review is a series of short paragraphs on the book and author. 

 

The total review should be 500 to 1,000 words. 

Full bibliographic details of the work should be included like 

(a) Title and Sub Title. 

(b) Place of publication

 (c) Publisher

 (d) Date of publication

 (e) Number of pages 

(f) The ISBN Number

source 

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ARTICLE WRITING

 Article analyses, interprets and provides arguments for and against an idea. 

The Article provides back ground information, present an update condition and goes on to predict the future.

 Articles usually provide some important information, interpret a trend, analyze the situation and predict the future of a particular issue

Accuracy and consistency are needed because credibility is the prime quality of an Article.  

An Article 

1. Gives information 
2. Interpret a recent trend
3. Analyze a current situation 
4. Attempt to predict the future of a particular issue.

STRUCTURE OF AN ARTICLE 

An article should have headline, 

• introduction, 
• body and
• conclusion

HEADLINE : The headline should be attractive and should clearly state the topic of discussion. 

INTRODUCTION : the Introduction is the Lead paragraph presenting the topic. 

BODY : The Body of the article analyses and interprets the topic. 

CONCLUSION : The conclusion of the article can be a summing up or a prediction of the future of the topic

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Point of view

 Point of view in fiction refers to the source and scope of the narrative voice.  

Point of view refers to: 

• “where an author chooses to stand in relation to his characters and action” 
• or 
• “The angle from which a writer allows readers to view his characters and action”. 

 The Writer and The Narrator

Narrators are not the Writer. You must be able to differentiate between the writer and the narrator. They are two different things. The writer is a real, living, breathing person who invents or constructs or creates the narrator. The narrator can be also called the persona.

There are two main categories of points of view an author can adopt. 

• First person and 
• Third person. 

First person narration can consist of major and minor characters' viewpoint.
It is important to remember that narrators are fictional constructs. That is, they are not real people.

First Person Point of View

In the first person point of view, that is, the author gives the role of narrator to a character in the story. This persona may be a non-participant in the main action, a minor character or a major character. Put simply, the story is told from the “I” perspective .  

Third person Objective

The story is narrated as though the characters and action, as though it is viewed through a camera. The author shows what is seen and heard is revealed. This form of narration does not necessarily follow one character. The reader finds out only what the author chooses to reveal. As such, we can be manipulated to think certain things simply because we do not have access to all information. We are made to judge, as it were, on the basis of intentionally limited knowledge. This can be used by the author as a device for constructing elements of character, as well as for creating suspense.

Omniscient Points of View

Omniscient Narrator: Here we have a god-like view of the world; the narrator is all-seeing and all-knowing. They have unlimited access to the thoughts and feelings of many characters. The writer’s choice of narrative point of view has a powerful impact on the way readers see the world of the story—this technique is very powerful in positioning the reader.

1.       Determine which of the two basic methods of narration is being used.

First person narration, where the narrator refers to self as I or we.

Third person narration, where the narrator does not use I or we, but instead talks about he, she, they, him, her, or them.

2.       Once you have determined whether it is first person or third person narration [or sometimes a mixture of the two with the narration shifting from first to third and back again], ask yourself:

Limited Omniscient Narrator:
The limited omniscient narrative point of view has a similar impact to that of the first person point of view because the reader tends to see the world of the novel from one angle of vision or one centre of consciousness. A useful term to use when discussing the effect of the first person narrative point of view or the limited omniscient narrative point of view is that the character whose thoughts we have access to acts as the focalize for the story.

Why Point of View Is So Important

Why does point of view matter so much?

Because point of view filters everything in your story. Everything in your story must come from a point of view.

Which means if you get it wrong, your entire story is damaged.

Narrative Techniques

The following are the major techniques which authors may use to engage readers.

Character; Irony/ conflict; Point of view; Setting;

1.Character

Character may be revealed through CHADSBOATS:

• CH = character

• A = author; thee author may comment directly about this character; ("he was a mean and nasty piece of work..")

• D = dialogue or what the character says;

• S = says; what the character thinks of the world and other people is revealed in his or her dialogue;

• B = background; the character's context can tell us something about them, such as class attitudes;

• O = others; what other characters say or think about them;

• A = appearance; what some tells us what they are like as people;

• T= thinks; what are the  his or her thoughts, feelings, doubts, fears, hopes.

• S= Setting; where we learn about a character from the setting in which they are found. More often EMOTIONAL LANDSCAPE of a character is created via setting, where a stormy turbulent landscape may mirror that aspect of a characters mental landscape and how he / she may be feeling.

 2. The conflict

This is an essential element in every short story. The conflict tells of some type of struggle:

Conflict may be internal or external. The tension created by this conflict gives rise to drama and action in the story. By identifying commonly experienced conflicts in a novel, we can identify THEME; ie how character/ s attempt to deal with and resolve major conflict in their lives is what the author wants us to consider.

              i.      Man (person or character) against man;

                                 ii.      Man against society;

                                 iii.      Man against his environment / nature;

                                 iv.      Man against himself. (This may be physical or psychological, but whatever it is, the conflict propels the story on to its final solution.)

                                       

3.Setting

The plot involves the ordering of the happenings; that is, selection and arrangements of incidents of the story into a recognizable sequence.

The setting involves the place and time of the incidents in the story. The location, the social environment, and period of history form an essential, element in the short story. Within this setting characters may move, initiating some action within the text. In addition the setting will construct some feeling in the reader in relation to place, character, time and action.

WHERE : place specific (classroom); place general (Ireland)

WHEN: time specific (midnight); time general or era (nineteenth century)

WHO ; the characters who may be introduced;

WHAT : some action may be established providing direction for th text to move in;

ATMOSPHERE : this is the mood or feeling created in the reader in relation to some aspect of setting.

EMOTIONAL LANDSCAPE : Often the setting of a story acts as an emotional landscape. What this means is that the setting may mirror (or may directly contrast, to highlight) the main character's emotional state. As such the setting embodies feelings we the reader may attach to  the character.

Thus, the setting can play an active part in the short story.

• It can time, place, character and action;

• it can mirror, establish or influence a character's emotions, ideas or actions;

• it can create a sense of mood and feeling (atmosphere). This atmosphere often plays a significant role in developing character, action and theme.

Plot

Plot are simple, linear, chronological sets of events. Indeed some stories are, however, there are many ways in which stories develop. How a story is developed and the order in which it proceeds, is its

 NARRATIVE STRUCTURE.

Narrative structure is about two things:

1.    the content of a story and

2.    the form used to tell the story.

Two common ways to describe these two parts of narrative structure are story and plot.

Story refers to the raw materials of dramatic action as they might be described in chronological order.

Plot refers to how the story is told — the form of storytelling, or the structure, that the story follows. If we want to analyze narrative structure, we can use “who,” “what,” and “where” questions to look at the story or content of a movie. “How” and “when” questions are used to examine plot structure.

Conventionally, both story and plot are described in terms of how a character’s life is disrupted by an event or change in his/her situation; this causes a series of conflicts that the character(s) must face, including the major conflict that is eventually resolved at the end of the Film.

 “Conflict” in this model can take many forms, be it emotional, interpersonal, or even between the character and his/her physical environment.

Conflict:
This is an essential element in every short story. The conflict tells of some type of struggle:

                                       i.   Man (person or character) against man;

                                       ii.  Man against society;

                                       iii. Man against his environment / nature;

                                        iv. Man against himself. (This may be physical or psychological, but whatever it is, the conflict propels the story on to its final solution.)

Conflict may be internal or external. The tension created by this conflict gives rise to drama and action in the story. By identifying commonly experienced conflicts in a novel, we can identify THEME; ie how character/ s attempt to deal with and resolve major conflict in their lives is what the author wants us to consider.

  

Every story is told or narrated from at least one position or point of view. Some stories are told using several different points of view. (For example, a novel written in the third person may contain letters from character/s, providing us with a separate first person perspective.)

Where is the story set?

What event starts the story?

Who are the main characters?

What conflict(s) do they face?

How and when are the main characters introduced?

How is the story moved along so that the characters must face the central conflict?

How and when does the problem resolve most of the major conflict set up at the outset?

Complex Narrative Structure may contain the following:

Complex narrative structure is used by authors to add interest by complicating the story.
There are several authorial methods of achieving this. It can occur when the author uses causally unrelated narratives teamwork together to build thematic unity. This usually involves two or three or more clearly defined narratives each with their own sets of characters. There is often little or no intermingling of characters or narrative events, simply two or three narratives existing alongside each other.
One of the problems this causes authors involves not letting the reader lose track of what's going on. Since there are so many stories happening at once, a lot more reader activity is required to keep track of the various narratives. Therefore time and place are usually
clearly defined: events often occur within a very specific time frame in a specific locale to keep the reader focused. In order to achieve a form of formal closure, there is usually an event at the end of the story that brings all characters to one location or at least affects
them all in some way.

Another way an author can use complex narrative structure is in inter layering many flashbacks, or introducing fantasy elements or stories within stories to make the story diverge from a central plot line while maintaining thematic unity.

- flashbacks
- dream sequences
- repetition
- different characters' point of view
- multiple plot lines converging at the end
- flash forwards
- different time frames
- pre-figuring of events that have not yet taken place
- circular plotting where we are led back to the beginning
- backwards storytelling, where the denouement is shown first and
explained through the plot.

Point of View and Reader Positioning:

Narrators play a key role in reader positioning. The narrator has the important job of telling the reader how to interpret the world of the story. The narrator acts as a filter or lens through which the reader can see the story. The reader is positioned in relation to the characters and the issues in the story by the way the narrator interprets the events. Different narrators will interpret events differently.

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