Steps in the Development of a Research Project/Report

1.     Selection of problem(– Introduction)

2.     Review of existing research and theory

3.     Statement of hypothesis or research question

4.     Determination of appropriate methodology and research design

5.     Data collection, Analysis and interpretation of data

6.     Presentation of results

7.     Replication

1.     DETERMINING TOPIC RELEVANCE

Once a basic research idea has been chosen or assigned, the next step is to ensure that the topic has merit. This is accomplished by answering eight basic questions.

2.     Literature Review

Researchers who conduct studies under the guidelines of scientific research. Before start our own research  first we should consulting with  avail­able literature

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The literature review to be one of the most important steps in the research process. It provide Experienced researchers.

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Before proceed a project or research , research­ers should ask these questions:

·     What type of research has been done in the area?

·   What has been found in previous studies?

·     What suggestions do other researchers make for further study?

·   What has not been investigated?

·     How can the proposed study add to our knowledge of the area?

·     What research methods were used in previous studies?

Answers to these questions will usually help define a specific hypothesis or research question.

3.     STATING A HYPOTHESIS OR RESEARCH QUESTION

After identifying a general research area and reviewing the existing literature, the researcher must state the problem as a workable hypothesis or research question.

hypothesis is a formal statement regard­ing the relationship between variables and is tested directly. The predicted relationship between the variables is either true or false. On the other hand, a research question is a formally stated question intended to provide indications about something; it is not lim­ited to investigating relationships between variables.

 Research questions are appropri­ate when a researcher is unsure about the nature of the problem under investigation. Although the intent is merely to gather pre­liminary data, testable hypotheses are often developed from information gathered during the research question phase of a study.

2.    A child's level of distortion of real­ity is directly related to the amount and types of television programs the child views.

3.    Parental discussions with children about make-believe play before, during, and after a child watches television programs involving make-believe play increase the child's time involved in make-believe play.

The difference between the two sets of statements is that

Research Questions	The Hypotheses
the research questions pose only general areas of investigation	whereas the hypotheses are testable statements about the relationship(s) between the variables.
The only intent in  the research question phase is to gather information to help the researchers	define and test hypotheses in later projects.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The time and effort required for data analy^­sis and interpretation. It  depend on the study's purpose and the methodology used. Analy^­sis and interpretation may take from several days to several months

Every research study must be carefully planned and performed according to specific guidelines. When the analysis is completed, the researcher must step back and consider what has been discovered. The researcher must ask two questions: Are the results in­ternally and externally valid? Are the results accurate? Researchers must determine through analysis whether their work is both inter­nally and externally valid.

External validity refers to how well the re­sults of a study can be generalized across populations, settings, and time (Cook & Campbell, 1979). The external validity of a study can be severely affected by the in­teraction in an analysis of variables such as subject selection, instrumentation, and ex­perimental conditions (Campbell & Stanley, 1963). A study that lacks external validity cannot be projected to other situations; it is valid only for the sample tested

PRESENTING RESULTS

The format used to present results depends on the purpose of the study. Research in­tended for publication in academic journals

Replication

A study provides informa­tion that says, in effect  A research question or hypothesis must be investigated from many different per­spectives before any significance can be at­tributed to the results of one study.

Researchers overwhelmingly advocate the use of replication to establish scientific fact.

Source-Wimmer Domenick

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Importance of Cartoons

Cartoons is a form of expression. Cartoon conveys a lot of information in very few words. Cartoons add special value to newspapers. That is why, despite advances in photography and animation technologies, cartoons still command their own place in newspapers. It is a visual medium that engages the audience, helps them understand and interpret the political, social Cartoons that can help them understand the mood of the country benefit people. Political cartooning is inspired by the situations around the cartoonist, what he sees and believes are portrayed through the sketch he creates.

 Apart from a great sense of humour, a cartoonist is required to understand the political scene and make a commentary on the situation, but to refrain from making it of bad taste.  source 

“Cartoons have ever-lasting impact on the minds of readers. They are such effective communicators that in a few lines, they describe the most important event of the day. 

 S.V. Padmanabha, senior news cartoonist and president of Karnataka Cartoonists Association, says that   “`For me, cartoon is poetry in lines. It packs great meaning in a few lines,” An ideal cartoon should conceal more than it reveals and it should give new meanings every time someone looks at it

Cartoonists 

Cartoonists were creative people with exceptional courage. They comment on politics, corruption and other sensitive issues and twist it to give it a witty look. That calls for integrity and bravery

What is a Political cartoon? 

 Since the 18th century, political cartoons have offered a highly useful window into the past.  He says cartoons in short, are visual strategies to make a point in small spaces. Cartoons are a reflection of society and provide for a point of view to the people reading it. Cartoons are considered as harmless, while in reality they can unleash a revolution, be it from a positive perspective like in the case of R.K.Laxman‘s Common man or in a very negative way in case of the Jyllands Posten cartoon of Prophet Muhammed.

The history of political cartoon‘s is older than the history of newspapers themselves.
 Political cartoons are for the most part composed of two elements: caricature, which parodies the individual, and allusion, which creates the situation or context into which the individual is placed. 

Famous caricatures 

Most famous caricatures around the world have been of politicians. Others may also be featured in the section but these celebrities are quoted with a political context. Few of the more famous political caricatures are of 

Mrs Indira Gandhi,
 PM Man Mohan Singh 
 Sonia Gandhi 
 AB Vajpayee 

 The most famous of them all, the common man by RKLaxman To quote a few, George Bush and Barrack Obama cartoons are also popular. The popularity of a caricature depends upon the news.

Editorials Versus Cartoons 
It is a popular belief that editorials are inherently biased and take on a perspective of the management of a newspaper organisation, while a cartoon is unbiased. Editorial are considered as an opinion of the intellectuals and elite. It is rarely said so about cartoons. 

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Paper Layout

1.    Editorial

Article that expresses the stand/opinion of the editors and publishers on a current issue. Though you are entitled to your own opinion, you can affirm your opinion by reading editorial on a current issue ,”education is not filling of pail but the lightering if a fire”.Example

2. Current News

Account of events that have recently happened. The implementation of the program will be done in phases and will be progressively introduced in the other grade levels in succeeding school years .Example

3. Feature Story

Type of news story that develops the writing from the angle of human interest . - A story written with some interpretation that goes beyond just reporting the facts

Columns

o    Business News : on the status of different businesses andindustries

o    Sports  .Gives us news on the result of national and international games and their advance reports on schedules

      4. Readers Opinion : Publishes readers opinions, reactions,comments, and the like.

1.    Newspaper Parts

1.   Flag - name of the newspaper on page one•

2.  Index - a listing, usually on page one, that tells where to find certain sections or features•

3. Headlines - different sizes and typefaces that name the article

4. Bylines - bylines tell the name(s) of the reporter(s) who wrote the story•

5.  Photograph and Cutlines - the cutline is a caption, usually found under or alongside the photograph and telling something about the photograph•

6. Skybox or teaser - text and/or visuals above the flag that highlight articles inside the newspaper

7. Index - a detailed list, usually arranged alphabetically, of the specific information in a publication•

8. Folio Lines - line of text included on each page, typically includes the name of the publication, the publication date and the page of the newspaper•

9.Charts - graphical representation of data•

10. Pullout quotes - a quotation or excerpt from an article that is typically placed in a larger or distinctive typeface on the same page•

11. Sidebars - information placed adjacent to an article in a printed or Web publication, graphically separate but with contextual connection.

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Positive Thinkng

Positive thinking is a mental and emotional attitude that focuses on the bright side of life and expects positive results.

A person with positive thinking; who mentality anticipates happiness, health and success. Also he  believes that he or she can overcome any obstacle and difficulty.

Positive thinking just means that; your approach to unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way. You can think the best;  is going to happen, not the worst.

Positive thinking often starts with self-talk.

An  endless stream of unspoken thoughts that run through your head is called as self talk. These automatic thoughts can be positive or negative. Self-talk must be  come from logic and reason. It is never  from misconceptions with lack of information. If your thoughts are mostly positive, you're consider as an optimistic  otherwise you should be a negaitive one that is called as pessimistic person.

1. The health benefits of positive thinking: Positive thinking  provides some health benefits.

1.       They are

2.      Increased Life Span –

3.      -Lower Rates Of Depression –

4.     Lower Levels Of Distress –

5.      Greater Resistance To The Common Cold –

6.      Better Psychological and Physical Well-Being –

7.      Better Cardiovascular Health –

8.      Reduced Risk Of Death From Cardiovascular Disease.

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2).       Identifying negative thinking

Some common forms of negative self-talk include:

·        ·     Filtering. You magnify the negative aspects of a situation and filter out all of    the   positive ones..       Personalizing. When something bad occurs, you automatically blame yourself.       Catastrophizing. You automatically anticipate the worst.·      Polarizing. You see things only as either good or bad not neutralise

3). The process of  positive thinking

The process, to turn negative thinking into positive thinking is  not a simple activity it need some sort of time and practice

i)      Identify areas to change. If you want to become more optimistic and engage in more positive thinking, first identify areas of your life that you usually think negatively about, whether it's work, your daily commute or a relationship.

ii)    Check yourself.  If you find that your thoughts are mainly negative, try to find a way to put a positive spin on them.

iii) Be open to humor. Give yourself permission to smile or laugh, especially during difficult times. When you can laugh at life, you feel less stressed.

iv)  Follow a healthy lifestyle. To exercise for about 30 minutes on most days of the week. Exercise can positively affect mood and reduce stress. Also want to follow a healthy diet to fuel your mind and body and learn techniques to manage stress.

v)    Surround yourself with positive people. Make sure those in your life are positive, supportive people you can depend on to give helpful advice and feedback. Negative people may increase your stress level and make you doubt your ability .

vi)  Practice positive self-talk. . Be gentle and encouraging with yourself. If a negative thought enters your mind, evaluate it rationally and respond with affirmations of what is good about you. Think about things you're thankful for in your life.

Here are some examples of negative self-talk and how you can apply a positive thinking twist to them:

Putting positive thinking into practice
Negative self-talk	Positive thinking
I've never done it .	It's an opportunity to learn something new.
It's too complicated.	I'll tackle it from a different angle.
I don't have the resources.	Necessity is the mother of invention.
I'm too lazy to get this done.	I wasn't able to fit it into my schedule, but I can re-examine some priorities.
There's no way it will work.	I can try to make it work.
It's too radical a change.	Let's take a chance.
No one bothers to communicate with me.	I'll see if I can open the channels of communication.

How to Increase Positive Thinking in Your Life

1. Meditation —Meditatation helps people to  also built valuable long-term skills.

2. Writing Excercise— This stu

The first group wrote about an intensely positive experience each day for three consecutive days. The second group wrote about a control topic.Three months later, the students who wrote about positive experiences had better mood levels, and experienced fewer illnesses.

3.     Play —. We schedule meetings, conference calls, weekly events,like wise  Schedule time to play into your life. Schedule time for play and adventure so that you can experience contentment and joy, and

explore and build new skills.

Exercise

1.       List happy thoughts. 

1.      Take 30 minutes and list all the happy thoughts you can think of. Just use a piece of paper and make a long list. Give yourself a good 30 minutes.

2.      List the people and places that make you happy: good friends, favorite vacation spots, childhood memories and more.

3.      List things that make you happy: puppies, babies, the smell of a new car, a lobster dinner, a day of relaxing by a pool.

4.      List anything and everything you can think of that makes you happy.

2.      Be aware of negative thoughts and feelings. For the entire week, pay attention to your thoughts. Whenever you catch yourself thinking about or feeling anything negative, sad or stressful, label that thought “unhappy.” Don’t worry if you have a lot of unhappy thoughts and feelings throughout the day. It's perfectly normal. Just pay attention and label them.

After a few days, the number of negative thoughts and feelings often decreases. Some more tips for accentuating the positive:

• Don’t judge yourself.
• Don’t worry: it is perfectly normal to have all sorts of strange thoughts. We usually don’t pay so much attention to them.
• Combine this task with smiling.
•  Force a smile on your face as you bring your happy thought to your mind. This will help erase the effects of the negative thoughts.
• Be sure to remind yourself to do this task throughout the day.
• Don’t let a day go by without engaging with your negative thoughts and substituting positive ones.

·         Strengthen your memory for positive information:We can  able to increase your positive just by memorizing lists of positive words.  That's right. It's because when you force your brain to use positive words frequently, you make these words  more accessible, more connected, and more easily activated in your brain. 

i)       Strengthen your brain's ability to work with positive information.

ii)     Strengthen your brain's ability to pay attention to the positive.

·         Think positive, but not too much, and think negative when you need to.But thinking positive isn't always the best response. Negative thoughts sometimes have benefits too.

b)   7. Practice gratitude

One way to train your brain to focus on the positive it to practice gratitude. Gratitude is when we feel or express thankfulness for the people, things, and experiences we have.

c)    8. Savor the good moments

Too often we let the good moments pass, without truly celebrating them. We can savor by holding onto the emotions you're feeling in positive moments.

d)   9. Generate positive emotions by watching fun videos, listening music

The broaden-and-build theory suggests that experiencing positive emotions builds our psychological, intellectual, and social resources, allowing us to benefit more from our experiences.

10. Stop minimizing your successes: We have usually   downplaying our successes and not fully appreciating our wins

11. Overcome the negative thoughts: There is always room for improvement, but be careful not to start thinking you’re a complete failure just because you’re not a complete success in all the ways you hoped to be. You win some; you lose some. That’s life.

 https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/positive-thinking/art-20043950

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