Paper Layout

1.    Editorial

Article that expresses the stand/opinion of the editors and publishers on a current issue. Though you are entitled to your own opinion, you can affirm your opinion by reading editorial on a current issue ,”education is not filling of pail but the lightering if a fire”.Example

2. Current News

Account of events that have recently happened. The implementation of the program will be done in phases and will be progressively introduced in the other grade levels in succeeding school years .Example

3. Feature Story

Type of news story that develops the writing from the angle of human interest . - A story written with some interpretation that goes beyond just reporting the facts

Columns

o    Business News : on the status of different businesses andindustries

o    Sports  .Gives us news on the result of national and international games and their advance reports on schedules

      4. Readers Opinion : Publishes readers opinions, reactions,comments, and the like.

1.    Newspaper Parts

1.   Flag - name of the newspaper on page one•

2.  Index - a listing, usually on page one, that tells where to find certain sections or features•

3. Headlines - different sizes and typefaces that name the article

4. Bylines - bylines tell the name(s) of the reporter(s) who wrote the story•

5.  Photograph and Cutlines - the cutline is a caption, usually found under or alongside the photograph and telling something about the photograph•

6. Skybox or teaser - text and/or visuals above the flag that highlight articles inside the newspaper

7. Index - a detailed list, usually arranged alphabetically, of the specific information in a publication•

8. Folio Lines - line of text included on each page, typically includes the name of the publication, the publication date and the page of the newspaper•

9.Charts - graphical representation of data•

10. Pullout quotes - a quotation or excerpt from an article that is typically placed in a larger or distinctive typeface on the same page•

11. Sidebars - information placed adjacent to an article in a printed or Web publication, graphically separate but with contextual connection.

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Positive Thinkng

Positive thinking is a mental and emotional attitude that focuses on the bright side of life and expects positive results.

A person with positive thinking; who mentality anticipates happiness, health and success. Also he  believes that he or she can overcome any obstacle and difficulty.

Positive thinking just means that; your approach to unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way. You can think the best;  is going to happen, not the worst.

Positive thinking often starts with self-talk.

An  endless stream of unspoken thoughts that run through your head is called as self talk. These automatic thoughts can be positive or negative. Self-talk must be  come from logic and reason. It is never  from misconceptions with lack of information. If your thoughts are mostly positive, you're consider as an optimistic  otherwise you should be a negaitive one that is called as pessimistic person.

1. The health benefits of positive thinking: Positive thinking  provides some health benefits.

1.       They are

2.      Increased Life Span –

3.      -Lower Rates Of Depression –

4.     Lower Levels Of Distress –

5.      Greater Resistance To The Common Cold –

6.      Better Psychological and Physical Well-Being –

7.      Better Cardiovascular Health –

8.      Reduced Risk Of Death From Cardiovascular Disease.

·         

2).       Identifying negative thinking

Some common forms of negative self-talk include:

·        ·     Filtering. You magnify the negative aspects of a situation and filter out all of    the   positive ones..       Personalizing. When something bad occurs, you automatically blame yourself.       Catastrophizing. You automatically anticipate the worst.·      Polarizing. You see things only as either good or bad not neutralise

3). The process of  positive thinking

The process, to turn negative thinking into positive thinking is  not a simple activity it need some sort of time and practice

i)      Identify areas to change. If you want to become more optimistic and engage in more positive thinking, first identify areas of your life that you usually think negatively about, whether it's work, your daily commute or a relationship.

ii)    Check yourself.  If you find that your thoughts are mainly negative, try to find a way to put a positive spin on them.

iii) Be open to humor. Give yourself permission to smile or laugh, especially during difficult times. When you can laugh at life, you feel less stressed.

iv)  Follow a healthy lifestyle. To exercise for about 30 minutes on most days of the week. Exercise can positively affect mood and reduce stress. Also want to follow a healthy diet to fuel your mind and body and learn techniques to manage stress.

v)    Surround yourself with positive people. Make sure those in your life are positive, supportive people you can depend on to give helpful advice and feedback. Negative people may increase your stress level and make you doubt your ability .

vi)  Practice positive self-talk. . Be gentle and encouraging with yourself. If a negative thought enters your mind, evaluate it rationally and respond with affirmations of what is good about you. Think about things you're thankful for in your life.

Here are some examples of negative self-talk and how you can apply a positive thinking twist to them:

Putting positive thinking into practice
Negative self-talk	Positive thinking
I've never done it .	It's an opportunity to learn something new.
It's too complicated.	I'll tackle it from a different angle.
I don't have the resources.	Necessity is the mother of invention.
I'm too lazy to get this done.	I wasn't able to fit it into my schedule, but I can re-examine some priorities.
There's no way it will work.	I can try to make it work.
It's too radical a change.	Let's take a chance.
No one bothers to communicate with me.	I'll see if I can open the channels of communication.

How to Increase Positive Thinking in Your Life

1. Meditation —Meditatation helps people to  also built valuable long-term skills.

2. Writing Excercise— This stu

The first group wrote about an intensely positive experience each day for three consecutive days. The second group wrote about a control topic.Three months later, the students who wrote about positive experiences had better mood levels, and experienced fewer illnesses.

3.     Play —. We schedule meetings, conference calls, weekly events,like wise  Schedule time to play into your life. Schedule time for play and adventure so that you can experience contentment and joy, and

explore and build new skills.

Exercise

1.       List happy thoughts. 

1.      Take 30 minutes and list all the happy thoughts you can think of. Just use a piece of paper and make a long list. Give yourself a good 30 minutes.

2.      List the people and places that make you happy: good friends, favorite vacation spots, childhood memories and more.

3.      List things that make you happy: puppies, babies, the smell of a new car, a lobster dinner, a day of relaxing by a pool.

4.      List anything and everything you can think of that makes you happy.

2.      Be aware of negative thoughts and feelings. For the entire week, pay attention to your thoughts. Whenever you catch yourself thinking about or feeling anything negative, sad or stressful, label that thought “unhappy.” Don’t worry if you have a lot of unhappy thoughts and feelings throughout the day. It's perfectly normal. Just pay attention and label them.

After a few days, the number of negative thoughts and feelings often decreases. Some more tips for accentuating the positive:

• Don’t judge yourself.
• Don’t worry: it is perfectly normal to have all sorts of strange thoughts. We usually don’t pay so much attention to them.
• Combine this task with smiling.
•  Force a smile on your face as you bring your happy thought to your mind. This will help erase the effects of the negative thoughts.
• Be sure to remind yourself to do this task throughout the day.
• Don’t let a day go by without engaging with your negative thoughts and substituting positive ones.

·         Strengthen your memory for positive information:We can  able to increase your positive just by memorizing lists of positive words.  That's right. It's because when you force your brain to use positive words frequently, you make these words  more accessible, more connected, and more easily activated in your brain. 

i)       Strengthen your brain's ability to work with positive information.

ii)     Strengthen your brain's ability to pay attention to the positive.

·         Think positive, but not too much, and think negative when you need to.But thinking positive isn't always the best response. Negative thoughts sometimes have benefits too.

b)   7. Practice gratitude

One way to train your brain to focus on the positive it to practice gratitude. Gratitude is when we feel or express thankfulness for the people, things, and experiences we have.

c)    8. Savor the good moments

Too often we let the good moments pass, without truly celebrating them. We can savor by holding onto the emotions you're feeling in positive moments.

d)   9. Generate positive emotions by watching fun videos, listening music

The broaden-and-build theory suggests that experiencing positive emotions builds our psychological, intellectual, and social resources, allowing us to benefit more from our experiences.

10. Stop minimizing your successes: We have usually   downplaying our successes and not fully appreciating our wins

11. Overcome the negative thoughts: There is always room for improvement, but be careful not to start thinking you’re a complete failure just because you’re not a complete success in all the ways you hoped to be. You win some; you lose some. That’s life.

 https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/positive-thinking/art-20043950

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NEWS AGENCY

News agency, also called press agency, press association, wire service, or news service, organization that gathers, writes, and distributes news from around a nation or the world to newspapers, periodicals, radio and television broadcasters, government agencies, and other users. It does not generally publish news itself but supplies news to its subscribers, who, by sharing costs, obtain services they could not otherwise afford. All the mass media depend upon the agencies for the bulk of the news, even including those few that have extensive news-gathering resources of their own.

The news agency has a variety of forms. In some large cities, newspapers and radio and television stations have joined forces to obtain routine coverage of news about the police, courts, government offices, and the like. National agencies have extended the area of such coverage by gathering and distributing stock-market quotations, sports results, and election reports. A few agencies have extended their service to include worldwide news. The service has grown to include news interpretation, special columns, news photographs, audiotape recordings for radio broadcast, and often videotape or motion-picture film for television news reports. Many agencies are cooperatives, and the trend has been in that direction since World War II.

Under this form of organization, individual members provide news from their own circulation areas to an agency pool for general use. In major news centres the national and worldwide agencies have their own reporters to cover important events, and they maintain offices to facilitate distribution of their service.

The major press associations in the United States have expanded their service to include entertainment features, and some feature syndicates provide straight news coverage as a part of their service. The Newspaper Enterprise Association distributes both news and features in the United States.

Despite the plethora of news services, most news printed and broadcast throughout the world each day comes from only a few major agencies, the three largest of which are the Associated Press in the United States, Reuters in Great Britain, and Agence France-Presse in France. Only these and a few others have the financial resources to station experienced reporters in all areas of the world where news develops regularly (in order to ensure access to well-organized transmission facilities) or to send them wherever news develops unexpectedly. These agencies are also equipped to distribute the service almost instantaneously.

The world agencies have established a variety of relationships with other agencies and with individual news media. Most of them purchase the news services of national or local agencies to supplement news gathered by their own staff representatives at key points. Reuters, like the Agence France-Presse, supplies a worldwide news file to be distributed by some national agencies along with their domestic news reports. The American services more often contract to deliver their service directly to individual users abroad.

PROFILE OF NEWS AGENCIES

The Press Trust of India

The Press Trust of India Founded in 1949, PTI has, with largest domestic newspaper clients with 450 Indian newspapers . PTI provides news coverage in both English and Hindi Language Press Trust of India disseminate news with high tech technology end by using own satellite, , to broadcast news and information Agency offering computerized operations. The agency has news exchange arrangement with the with 100 news agencies of nation like the U.S., U.K., gulf region, European nations, Caribbean nations , African nations and also deployed agency correspondence on major international country capital., It has tie-up with 100 news.The news agency for cost cutting mechanism has tie up with a IT company for storage of news agency database .

Press Trust of India (PTI)

·         PTI is India’s premier news agency, headquartered in New Delhi and is a nonprofit cooperative of more than 500 Indian newspapers. It employs more than 400 journalists and 500 stringers to cover almost every district and small town in India. Collectively, they put out more than 2,000 stories and 200 photographs a day. It’s Hindi service is called Bhasha.

·         PTI correspondents are based in all important news centers around the world. It also has tie-up with several foreign news agencies. Currently, PTI commands 90% of new agency market share in India.

·         PTI was registered in 1947 and started functioning in 1949. PTI is run by a Board of Directors with the Chairmanship going by rotation at the Annual General Meeting. The day-to-day administration and management of PTI is headed by the CEO, who is also the Editor-in-Chief. It’s board of directors includes owner/editor of most of the leading publications in India like, Vineet Jain, Aveek Sarkar, Viveck Goenka, N Ravi etc.

United News of India

UNI Established in 1961, UNI became one of the leading news agency in Indian domestic market but have distinction that first Indian agency to generate revenue from international subscriber and pan Indian presence and international foot print in for news flow its Hindi version also a very good reputation in the area of Hindi news agencies journalism

IANS Indo-Asian News Service

IANS an internationally news content supplier platforms, an news resource on India and South Asia. It is a leading a south Asian region news agency delivered the news from India, South Asia region. IANS is an intergraded news agency with presence of publishing outsources, a multimedia content provider services.

·         IANS was established in 1986, initially to serve as an information bridge between India and its diaspora in North America. Today it is a full-fledged, 24X7 agency based in Delhi-NCR (Noida), putting out the real-time news from India, South Asia and news of this region around the world.

·         IANS is divided into six strategic business units: IANS English, IANS Hindi, IANS Publishing, IANS Business Consultancy, IANS Solutions, and IANS Mobile.

·         Its client list includes a range of print publications, television news channels, websites, ethnic publications abroad, government ministries, foreign missions, private sector players, and multilateral institutions.

·         Tarun Basuis the Chief Editor and Director of the IANS.

Asian News International (ANI)

Asian News International ANI is has hundred news bureau in India .To deliver news content to television channels, radio stations, newspapers, websites with excellent input in form of video-audio, text and picture content. Agency also provides service to foreign and domestic channels to package their reports in India and uplink via satellite.

·         ANI is South Asia ‘s leading multimedia news agency with over 100 bureaus in India , South Asia and across the globe.

·         ANI has established itself as a ‘complete content house’ providing text, video and picture content for TV, print, mobile and online media.

·         ANI also provide a range of facilities for foreign and domestic channels to package their reports in India and uplink via satellite. These include provision of professional crews, editing and post production facilities, access to archives, uplinking facilities, coordinators, producers and correspondents, as per requirement.

·         ANI services includes loosely edited news feeds and customized programmes for television channels, audio bytes for radio stations, live web casting and streamed multimedia / text content for websites and mobile carriers, and news wire services for newspapers, magazines and websites.

Hindustan Samachar

·         The Hindusthan Samacharwas formed on 1st Dec. 1948, and provide news in 14 Indian languages. It’s subscribers includes AIR, Doordarshan, various State Governments, Nepal Radio and a number of regional papers.

·         Presently the service is being provided in Hindi, Marathi, Gujrati, Nepali, Oriya, Asamiya, Kannad, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Sindhi, Sanskrit, Punjabi and Bangla. The service is fully based on the web internet technology. The subscriber can either downloaded the next or convert it into E-mail format.

·         In India this agency has offices in all the states. The news circulated in all the Indian languages by Hindusthan Samachar could be checked on the Website www.hindusthansamachar.com

Associated Press

 American multinational agency established in the year 1846. It  is an  nonprofit news agency . Associated Press network is exists in all major international city & country around the all continental.

·         AP is a non-profit cooperative organization established in 1846 in NewYork

·         AP was created by the coalescing of 5 dailies and is now owned by a large number of US newspapers and radio and T.V. Stations

·         It operates 243 bureaus in nearly 120 countries, with an international staff located worldwide

·         It is sustained by the subscription fees that it charges its media clients
spread all over the world

·         Its website claims that on any given day more than half of the world’s population consumes the news provided by AP

·         Associated Press also operates the Associated Press Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice an hour and offers news and public affairs features, feeds of news sound bites, and long form coverage of major events. It also operates Associated Press Television News (APTN), a global video news agency.

Reuter

The Reuters news agency has been an outcome of Thomson Reuters. Reuters was established in 1851 & it footprints in 250 nations most of the top language of the world.  Reuters‘ agency has built a dominant image in the news agency journalism worldwide . Reuters has very strong subscription base in all the continent in Reuter started news service initially as electric telegraphy , carrier pigeons in his network.

·         Founded by the Paul Julius Reuter (A German National) in 1851

·         From the 1860 -1914; Reuters was an imperial organization, the semi-official institution of the British Empire

·         From the American Civil War to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Reuters was the first to break the news and thereby it established a reputation of being a credible deliverer of information in real time

·         It is a major provider of commercial information like foreign exchange rates, stock exchange prices, commodity prices etc.

·         Reuters is listed on both the London and New York stock exchange

·         Reuters receives only 10% of its revenues from the subscription, whereas the 90% of it comes from the clients of its financial services

·         Headquartered in London, the organization was acquired by the Thomson Corporation in 2008 and is now owned by Thomson Reuters

Interfax

Interfax news agency founded in 1989. It is top most new s agency of Russia from the private sectors and counted as the top news agencies of the world.

Agence France Presse

AFP is France based leading news agencies of the world founded in 1835 . It is the largest and leading news agency based in France. It covers almost 180 countries under it s news content delivery network in multilingual mode.

Agence France-Presse (AFP)

·         AFP is an oldest international news agency headuartered in Paris

·         AFP has regional offices in Nicosia, Montevideo, Hong Kong, and Washington, D.C., and bureaux in 150 countries

·         It transmits news in French, English, Arabic, Portguese, Spanish & German

·         AFP is a non profit autonomous public corporation chartered under a specific 1957 law, operating commercially and independently of the French government

·         AFP is administered by a CEO and a board comprising 15 members; among them 8 are representative of the French Press, 2 are AFP personnel, 2 are from public services of Radio and Television and 3 are from the public service subscribing to the agency, named by prime minister, minister of finances and minister of foreign affairs. The board elects the CEO for a renewable term of 3 years

·         The primary client of AFP is the French Government, who purchases subscription for its various services. In practice, those subscription are somewhat a subsidy to AFP

United Press International

United Press International It is founded in 1907 and leading news agency of USA . United Press International is one of the leading news agencies of the world and deliver quality news content in multimedia format at all major world destination . The analytical outcome of economic so much practical as policies of certain company are formulate on the news input of agency. UPI is integrated news agency as it have its news papers, radio and news websites.

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