Planning is an essential part of a serious
production, and the script forms the basis for that plan. The script usually
begins the production process.
Scripts do the following:
• To Help the director
1.
clarify ideas and develop a project that successfully communicates
to the viewers.
2.
coordinate the entire production team.
3.
determine what resources will be needed for the television
production
A script is then developed based on this outline
and decisions are made concerning the camera treatment for each segment.
1. THE PRODUCTION PLAN –
THE
UNSCRIPTED PRODUCTION PLAN
There are some types of program that cannot be
scripted. For example, sports events cannot be controlled; you never know where
they are going to go. However, the director still needs to think through a
quasi-script, or what is often known as a production plan.
THE OUTLINE SCRIPT: SEMI-SCRIPTED PRODUCTION
The type of script used will be some production
situations where talent improvise as they speak or perform—when the “script”
simply lists details of the production group, facilities needed, and
scheduling, and shows basic camera positions, and so on. The script may just
list the order of topics to be covered.
An outline script usually includes any prepared
dialogue, such as the show’s opening and closing.
If the show is complicated, with multiple guests
or events occurring, a show format is usually created. This lists the program
segments (scenes) and shows the following:
• The topic (such as a college day
celebration).
• The amount of time allocated for this specific
segment.
• The names of all talent involved (hosts and
guest
• Facilities (cameras, audio, and any other
equipment and space needed).
• External video content sources that will be
required.
When the director has decided how he is
going to interpret the script,
1. each scene will be subdivided into a series of
shots;
2. each shot shows the action from a specific
viewpoint.
3. The shots are then numbered consecutively for
easy reference on the script, in the order in which they will be screened.
In a live production, the program is shot in the
scripted order (running order). When taping a production, the director can shoot
in whatever order is most convenient (shooting order) for the crew, actors,
and/or director. The director may decide to omit shots (“drop shot 25”) or to
add extra shots (shots 24A, 24B, etc.).
He or she may decide to record shot 50 before
shot 1 and then edit them into the correct running order at a later time.
THE
SCRIPT AND PRODUCTION PLAN
Format
The show format lists the items or program
segments in a show in the order in which they are to be shot. It may show
durations, who is participating,
shot numbers, and the like. Example CARING
FOR THE ELDERLY/Tirunelveli Saranalayam
Total duration: 15 mins 1.
OPENING TITLES AND MUSIC 00:10 2.
PROGRAM INTRO 00:30 3.
PROBLEMS OF MOBILITY 2:20 4.
INJURIES 02:15 5.
DIET 02:45 6.
DAILY ACTIVITIES 03:40 7.
EXERCISES 01:20 8.
AIDS THAT CAN HELP 01:15 9.
CLOSING 00:25 10.
END TITLES 00:10 15:00
FULLY SCRIPTED SHOWS
When a program is fully scripted, it includes
detailed information on all aspects of the production, as described in the
following subsections.
The full script is used differently by various
members of the production team.
For the director, the script has two
purposes:
- as a reference point when developing treatment,
- estimating the duration of sequences, planning camera
moves,
The
director’s assistant(s) follows the script carefully during rehearsals and
taping, checking dialogue accuracy, noting where retakes are needed, timing
sections (their durations, where a particular event occurred), and perhaps
readying and cueing contributory sources, as well as “calling shots” on the
intercom—for example, “Shot 24 on
Scenes
Most
productions are divided into a series of scenes. Each scene covers a complete
continuous action sequence and is identified with a number and location (Scene
3—office set).
Shots
When
the director has decided howis going to interpret the script, each scene will
be subdivided into a series of shots; each shot shows the action from a
specific viewpoint.
The
shots are then numbered consecutively for easy reference on the script, in the
order in which they will be screened. In a live production, the program is shot
in the scripted order (running order).
The
director may decide to omit shots (“drop shot 25”) or to add extra shots (shots
24A, 24B, etc.). He or she may decide to record shot 50 before shot 1 and then
edit them into the correct running order at a later time.
Dialogue
The
entire prepared dialogue, spoken to the camera or between people. The talent
may memorize the script or read it off tele prompters or cue cards.
Equipment
The script usually indicates which camera/microphone is being used
for each shot (Cam. 2 Fishpole). Basic Camera Instructions Details of each shot
and camera move (Cam. 1 CU on Joe’s hand; dolly out to long shot).
Switcher (Vision Mixer)
Instructions For example: cut, fade.
Contributory Sources
Details of where video recordings, graphics, remote feeds, and so
on appear in the program.
SCRIPT STAGES
The fully scripted show is developed in
several stages, as described in the following subsections.
1.
Draft/Preliminary Script/Outline Script/ Writer’s Script
The initial submitted full-page script (dialogue
and action) before script editing.
2. REHEARSAL
SCRIPT
A script prepared for television and used for
pre-studio rehearsal. The script details the locales (settings), characters,
action, talent directives, and dialogue (Table 5.3).
3. CAMERA
SCRIPT
A revised script for camera rehearsals, augmented
with details of production treatment: cameras and audio, cues, transitions,
stage instructions, and set changes (Table 5.4).
Camera script:
·
A revised script for camera
rehearsals, including the details of the production treatment: cameras and
audio, cues, transitions, stage instructions, and set changes..
·
The
camera script outlines for each camera operator the exact size of shot and
precise camera moves the director expects throughout the scene.
·
For example, s/he might note that s/he wants to
shoot the scene in five different ways:
1 - wide shot of whole scene
2 - reaction shots of other characters in scene from WS perspective
3 - MCU on two-shot of Liz and Rico
4 - CU Liz
5 - CU Rico
Fact sheet/Rundown sheet: Summarizes information about a product
or item for a demonstration program, or details of a guest for an interviewer.
Outline script: Usually includes any prepared dialogue, such
as the show opening and closing.
Preliminary script/writer’s script: Initial submitted full-page
script (dialogue and action) before script editing.
Running order: In a live production, the program is shot in the
scripted order.
Shooting order: When taping a production, the director can shoot
in whatever order is most convenient for the crew, actors, and/or director.
Show format: Lists the items or program segments in a show, in the
order in which they are to be shot. It may show durations, who is
participating, shot numbers, and so on.
Synopsis: An outline of the characters, action, and plot. This
synopsis helps everyone involved in the production understand what is going on.
Treatment: A film treatment, or script treatment; it is more
than an outline of the production and less than a script. It is usually a
detailed description of the story that includes other information such as how
it will be directed.
4.FULL
SCRIPT
It simply informs everyone about what is
expected at each moment of the production.
Rehearsal time is too precious to use up
explaining what is expected of everyone as you go. The full script is a
changeable plan of how the production will proceed that has details added to it
as the production develops.
Fully scripted approaches can be found in
newscasts, drama productions, operas, situation comedy shows, documentaries,
and commercials.
The full script can be a valuable
coordinating document, enabling you to see at a glance the relationships
between dialogue, action, treatment, and mechanics. During planning, of course,
it helps the team estimate how much time there is for a camera move, how long
there is for a costume change, whether rearranging shooting order will give the
necessary time for a makeup change, the scenes during which the “rain” should
be seen outside the windows of the library set (the audio effects introduced),
and the thousand and one details that interface in a smooth-running show.
SCRIPT BREAKDOWN DEFINITION
What Is a Script Breakdown?
A script
breakdown is an important filmmaking process that allows you to identify
all the script elements needed to prep, schedule, and budget a film production.
A
breakdown happens at a scene level. The person tasked with the job will create
scene breakdown after scene breakdown until a full, start-to-finish script
breakdown is completed. This will be used to determine technical and creative
requirements for each department.
A script
breakdown element is an object, person, or process that is identified when
creating a scene breakdown, such as:
·
Cast / Characters
·
Extras
·
Props
·
Set Dressing
·
Costumes
·
Makeup
·
Vehicles
·
Stunts
·
Special Effects or VFX
·
Livestock
·
Sound
·
Music
·
Special Equipments
·
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