Cinematography is the act of capturing photographic images in
space through the use of a number of controllable elements.
These include
1. the quality of the film stock,
2. the manipulation of the camera lens,
3. framing, scale
4. Camera movement
5. duration, or the length of the shot,
Cinematography is a function of the
relationship between the camera lens and a light source, the focal length of
the lens, the camera’s position and its capacity for motion.
Depth of field is the measure
that can be applied to the area in focus within the frame. Depth of field
(DOF) is the term used to describe the size of
the area in our image where objects appear acceptably sharp.
The area in question is known as the field,
and the size (in z-space) of that area is the depth of
that field.
The center most point of the field is known as the point of
focus. The imaginary two-dimensional plane that extends from
that point is known as the plane of
focus. And any part of your image that falls directly on this plane
is officially in focus.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-N_7QXA6xE&t=12s
Types of Cameras Shot Focus
1. Deep Focus
2.
Shallow Focus
3. Rack Focus / Focus Pull
4.
Tilt-Shift
5.
Soft Focus
6.
Split Diopter
Deep focus, which requires a small aperture and lots of
light, means that the foreground, middle ground and background of the
frame remain in focus. In a deep focus shot, everything in yur
frame is in focus.
Deep focus cinematography is a kind of camera angle that
allows the Cinematographer to keep everything in perspective without favoring
foreground, mid-ground, or background. Everything is lit and visible.
· A film utilizes deep space, when significant elements of an image
are positioned both near to and distant from the camera.
· A deep space film shot utilizes deep space when the subjects of an image
are positioned both close to and far away from the camera.
· Deep space shots do not have to be in focus, but they do have to show
the breadth of scale.
· So wide shots are often used to promote deep space shots.
Shallow focus is a function of a narrow depth of field and it
implies that only one place of the frame will remain sharp and clear . It is
typically a feature of the close-up. In shallow
focus shots, our subject is in crisp focus while the foreground and background
scenery are out of focus. This limits your depth of field to create
emphasis on your subject.
In contemporary cinema, shallow focus is often
combined with deep space for artistic purposes or to demonstrate subjectivity.
Soft focus is perfect when filming a dream or memory — the
glow around everything is both wistful and slightly unreal.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqOKm3Z9zX0
rack focus
A rack focus is the filmmaking technique of changing the focus
of the lens during a continuous shot. When a shot “racks,” it moves the focal
plane from one object in the frame to another. Also known as a "focus
pull" or "pulling focus," the technique can include small or
large changes of focus.
The shallower the depth of the field, the more noticeable the
transition between focal planes.
Filmmakers can change the focus of the lens to a subject in
the background from the foreground or vice vera. This can be used to shift the
audience’s attention or to point out a significant relationship between the two
subjects.
Frame RATE
A
frame rate refers to the number of individual frames or images that are
displayed per second of film. The standard rate for
a film is 24 frames per second. If more frames are added to this second the
film will seem to slow down. The film will speed up if there are less than 24
frames per second.
The higher the frame rate, the more film
or digital storage space for video you’ll use up.
Here’s a breakdown of how different frame
rates can be used:
·
1 frame per minute:
time-lapse photography and stop-motion animation.
·
18 frames per second:
Early motion picture films.
·
24 frames per second:
Worldwide standard for movie theater film projectors.
·
300+ frames per
second: high-speed cameras for very slow-motion photography (used for
miniatures to make models seem larger on screen).
·
2500+ frames per
second: very high-speed camera for special effects such a pyrotechnics and
explosions.
ANGLE OF FRAMING
When filming
from below or above the subject of the frame, it is known as a low or high
angle. Filming from different angles is a way to show the relationship between
the camera’s point of view and the subject of the frame.
LEVEL OF FRAMING
This refers to
the height at which the camera is positioned in a given shot. Different camera
heights are often used to display or exaggerate differences in points of view.
The low level position of the camera creates suspense by suggesting the
perspective of an unsuspecting character on the ground.
THE VIEWER'S POINT OF ATTENTION
POINT OF VIEW SHOT
A point of
view shot places the camera where the viewer would imagine a character’s gaze
to be. This is a technique of continuity editing, because it allows us to see
what the character sees without being obtrusive(mistake).
Point of view is the perspective from which
that story is told. Point of view and perspective are not just important
considerations in telling stories, point of view are necessary.
Camera MOVEMENT
A camera movement refers to the way a camera shifts to visually narrate and shape a viewer’s perspective of a scene. In the world of film and video, there are several basic and advanced camera movements that can help enhance our story. To make for a professional-quality final product need an effective and well-placed camera movements
Length of SCENE
Some directors want length movement and some directors don't want any movement! The writer must find the exact length that allows him to share his passionate message, while entertaining the audience. That perfect balance, which is only achieved by less than 10% of the screenplays I read annually, makes the difference between a great film worth watching numerous times and a common film.
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/types-of-camera-shots-angles-in-film/
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